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List Of 14th Amendment Cases
This is a list of fourteenth amendment cases that have been decided under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. {, class="wikitable" sortable" , +Equal Protection Clause , - !Case name !Year !Citation !style="width: 45%" , Decision , - , '' Ward v. Flood'' , 1874 , 48 Cal. 36 , upheld separate but equal schools in San Francisco , - , ''Plessy v. Ferguson'' , 1896 , 163 U.S. 537 , separate but equal for public facilities , - , '' Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education'' , 1899 , 175 U.S. 528 , ''de jure'' segregation of races , - , '' Lum v. Rice'' , 1927 , 275 U.S. 78 , separate schools for Chinese pupils from white schoolchildren , - , Roberto Alvarez v. Board of Trustees of the Lemon Grove School District , 1931 , 66625 Cal. Super. , first successful school desegregation court decision in U.S. history , - , '' Powell v. Alabama'' , 1932 , 287 U.S. 45 , access to counsel , - , '' Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada'' , 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Equal Protection Clause
The Equal Protection Clause is part of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides "''nor shall any State ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.''" It mandates that individuals in similar situations be treated equally by the law. A primary motivation for this clause was to validate the equality provisions contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed that all citizens would have the guaranteed right to equal protection by law. As a whole, the Fourteenth Amendment marked a large shift in American constitutionalism, by applying substantially more constitutional restrictions against the states than had applied before the Civil War. The meaning of the Equal Protection Clause has been the subject of much debate, and inspired the well-known phrase " Equal Justice Under Law". This clause was the basis for '' Brown v. Board of Education'' (1954), the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Briggs V
Briggs may refer to: People * Briggs (surname) * Briggs (rapper), Australian rapper Places ;In the United States * Briggs, Nebraska, an unincorporated community * Briggs, Ohio * Briggs, Oklahoma * Briggs, Texas * Briggs, Virginia * Briggs Lake, a lake in Minnesota ;Elsewhere * Briggs Islet, Tasmania, Australia * Briggs Township, Ontario, Canada ;In space * Briggs (crater), a lunar crater * 4209 Briggs, an asteroid discovered in 1986 Other uses * Briggs & Stratton, a manufacturer of air-cooled gasoline engines * ''Briggs v. Elliott'', one of the school segregation cases consolidated with ''Brown v. Board of Education'' * Briggs Automotive Company or BAC, a car manufacturing company * Briggs Initiative, either of two pieces of Californian legislation sponsored by John Briggs * Briggs Manufacturing Company, manufacturer of car bodies for Ford and Chrysler * The Briggs, a punk rock band * Myers–Briggs Type Indicator In personality typology, the Myers–Briggs Type ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-miscegenation Laws
Anti-miscegenation laws or miscegenation laws are laws that enforce racial segregation at the level of marriage and intimate relationships by criminalizing interracial marriage and sometimes also sex between members of different races. Anti-miscegenation laws were first introduced in North America from the late seventeenth century onwards by several of the Thirteen Colonies, and subsequently, by many U.S. states and U.S. territories and remained in force in many US states until 1967. After the Second World War, an increasing number of states repealed their anti-miscegenation laws. In 1967, in landmark case ''Loving v. Virginia'', the remaining anti-miscegenation laws were held to be unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren. Similar laws were also enforced in Nazi Germany as part of the Nuremberg Laws which were passed in 1935, and in South Africa as part of the system of apartheid which was passed in 1948. In the United States, interracial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loving V
Loving may refer to: * Love, a range of human emotions * Loving (surname) * '' Loving v. Virginia'', a 1967 landmark United States Supreme Court civil rights case Film and television * ''Loving'' (1970 film), an American film * ''Loving'' (1996 film), a British television film based on the novel by Henry Green * ''Loving'' (2016 film), a film about the Supreme Court decision ''Loving v. Virginia'' * '' Carry On Loving'', a 1970 film in the ''Carry On'' series * ''Loving'' (TV series), an American daytime soap opera Music * '' Lovin''', 2021 extended play by Ailee Other media * ''Loving'' (novel), a 1945 novel by Henry Green * ''Loving'', a 1981 novel by Danielle Steel * ''Loving'', a 2010 album by Johannes Heil Places in the United States * Loving, New Mexico, a village * Loving, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community * Loving, Texas, an unincorporated community * Loving County, Texas Loving County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. With a population of 6 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil Rights Act Of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 () is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools and public accommodations, and employment discrimination. The act "remains one of the most significant legislative achievements in American history". Initially, powers given to enforce the act were weak, but these were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution, principally its power to regulate interstate commerce under Article One (section 8), its duty to guarantee all citizens equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment, and its duty to protect voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment. The legislation was proposed by President John F. Kennedy in June 1963, but it was opposed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heart Of Atlanta Motel V
The heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs. In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest. In humans, other mammals, and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right atria and lower left and right ventricles. Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left heart. Fish, in contrast, have two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle, while most reptiles have three chambers. In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves, which prevent backflow. The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount of fluid. The wall of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boynton V
Boynton may refer to: People * Boynton (surname) Places In the United States * Boynton Township, Tazewell County, Illinois * Boynton, Georgia, an unincorporated community * Boynton, Missouri, an unincorporated community * Boynton, Oklahoma, a town * Boynton, a neighborhood of Detroit In the United Kingdom * Boynton, East Riding of Yorkshire, England, a village and civil parish Other uses *Boynton baronets, in the Baronetage of England *Boynton School, now named Schoolhouse Children's Museum & Learning Center, Boynton Beach, Florida, on the National Register of Historic Places See also * Boynton Beach, Florida * Boynton Inlet The South Lake Worth Inlet, also known as the Boynton Inlet, is an artificial cut through a barrier beach connecting the south end of the Lake Worth Lagoon in Palm Beach County, Florida with the Atlantic Ocean. The inlet is wide and deep. Geogr ... * John Bayton, a Hambledon cricketer whose surname was occasionally spelled Boynton * Boyington ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cooper V
Cooper, Cooper's, Coopers and similar may refer to: * Cooper (profession), a maker of wooden casks and other staved vessels Arts and entertainment * Cooper (producers), alias of Dutch producers Klubbheads * Cooper (video game character), in ''Dino Crisis'' * "Cooper", a song by Roxette from the 1999 album '' Have a Nice Day'' * The Cooper Brothers, Canadian southern rock band Businesses and organisations * Cooper (company), an American user experience design and business strategy consulting firm * Cooper Canada, defunct sporting goods manufacturer * Cooper Car Company, British car company **Mini Cooper, the name of several cars * Cooper Chemical Company, an American chemical manufacturer * The Cooper Companies, an American medical device company * Cooper Enterprises, Canadian boat builder ** Cooper 353, Canadian sailboat ** Cooper 416, Canadian sailboat * Cooper Firearms of Montana, an American firearms manufacturer * Cooper Foundation, an American charitable and edu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NAACP V
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey and Ida B. Wells. Leaders of the organization included Thurgood Marshall and Roy Wilkins. Its mission in the 21st century is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination". National NAACP initiatives include political lobbying, publicity efforts and litigation strategies developed by its legal team. The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th century by considering issues such as police misconduct, the status of black foreign refugees and questions of economic development. Its name, retained in accordance with tradition, uses the once common term ''colored people,'' referring to those wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Montgomery, Alabama
Montgomery is the capital city of the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Montgomery County. Named for the Irish soldier Richard Montgomery, it stands beside the Alabama River, on the coastal Plain of the Gulf of Mexico. In the 2020 census, Montgomery's population was 200,603. It is the second most populous city in Alabama, after Huntsville, and is the 119th most populous in the United States. The Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area's population in 2020 was 386,047; it is the fourth largest in the state and 142nd among United States metropolitan areas. The city was incorporated in 1819 as a merger of two towns situated along the Alabama River. It became the state capital in 1846, representing the shift of power to the south-central area of Alabama with the growth of cotton as a commodity crop of the Black Belt and the rise of Mobile as a mercantile port on the Gulf Coast. In February 1861, Montgomery was chosen the first capital of the Confederate States o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Browder V
Browder may refer to: People * Andrew Browder (1931–2019), American mathematician * Aurelia Browder (1919–1971), African-American civil rights activist *Ben Browder (born 1962), American actor and writer *Bill Browder (born 1964), Hermitage Capital Management CEO and Vladimir Putin critic * Dustin Browder, American executive at Blizzard Entertainment *Earl Browder (1891–1973), Chairman of the Communist Party, USA from 1934 to 1945 * Felix Browder (1927–2016), United States mathematician *Glen Browder John Glen Browder (born January 15, 1943) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama's 3rd congressional district. Browder was born in Sumter, South Carolina and graduated in 1961 from Edmunds High School in ... (born 1943), Alabama politician * Joe Browder (1938–2016), American environmental activist * Joshua Browder (born 1997), British-American founder of DoNotPay * Kalief Browder (1993–2015), African-American jailed for three ye ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
District Of Columbia
) , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, National Cathedral , image_flag = Flag of the District of Columbia.svg , image_seal = Seal of the District of Columbia.svg , nickname = D.C., The District , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive map of Washington, D.C. , coordinates = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = , established_title = Residence Act , established_date = 1790 , named_for = George Washington, Christopher Columbus , established_title1 = Organized , established_date1 = 1801 , established_title2 = Consolidated , established_date2 = 1871 , established_title3 = Home Rule Act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
