List Of 14th Amendment Cases

This is a list of fourteenth amendment cases that have been decided under the

Equal Protection Clause The Equal Protection Clause is part of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides "''nor shall any State ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal ...

of the Fourteenth Amendment to the

United States Constitution The Constitution of the United States is the Supremacy Clause, supreme law of the United States, United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789. Originally comprising seven ar ...

. {, class="wikitable" sortable" , +Equal Protection Clause , - !Case name !Year !Citation !style="width: 45%" , Decision , - , '' Ward v. Flood'' , 1874 , 48 Cal. 36 , upheld separate but equal schools in San Francisco , - , ''

Plessy v. Ferguson ''Plessy v. Ferguson'', 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in qualit ...

'' , 1896 , 163 U.S. 537 , separate but equal for public facilities , - , '' Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education'' , 1899 , 175 U.S. 528 , ''de jure'' segregation of races , - , '' Lum v. Rice'' , 1927 , 275 U.S. 78 , separate schools for Chinese pupils from white schoolchildren , - , Roberto Alvarez v. Board of Trustees of the Lemon Grove School District , 1931 , 66625 Cal. Super. , first successful school desegregation court decision in U.S. history , - , '' Powell v. Alabama'' , 1932 , 287 U.S. 45 , access to counsel , - , '' Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada'' , 1938 , 305 U.S. 337 , states that provide a school to white students must provide in-state education to blacks , - , ''

Smith v. Allwright ''Smith v. Allwright'', 321 U.S. 649 (1944), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court with regard to voting rights and, by extension, racial desegregation. It overturned the Texas state law that authorized parties to set thei ...

'' , 1944 , 321 U.S. 649 , Race-based exclusion in political party primaries held unconstitutional , - , '' Hedgepeth and Williams v. Board of Education'' , 1944 , 131 N.J.L. 153 , NJ Supreme Court case that prohibited racial segregation in NJ schools , - , '' Mendez v. Westminster'' , 1946 , 64 F. Supp. 544 , prohibits segregating Mexican American children in California , - , '' Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla.'' , 1948 , 322 U.S. 631 , access to taxpayer state funded law schools , - , ''

Shelley v. Kraemer ''Shelley v. Kraemer'', 334 U.S. 1 (1948), is a List of landmark court decisions in the United States, landmark United States Supreme Court case that held that racially restrictive housing Covenant (law), covenants cannot legally be enforced. The ...

'' , 1948 , 334 U.S. 1 , restrictive covenants , - , '' Sweatt v. Painter'' , 1950 , 339 U.S. 629 , segregated law schools in Texas , - , ''

McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents __NOTOC__ ''McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents'', 339 U.S. 637 (1950), was a Supreme Court of the United States, United States Supreme Court case that prohibited racial segregation in state supported graduate or professional education.. The unani ...

'' , 1950 , 339 U.S. 637 , prohibited racially unfriendly practices within a state graduate program , - , ''

Hernandez v. Texas ''Hernandez v. Texas'', 347 U.S. 475 (1954), was a List of landmark court decisions in the United States, landmark case, "the first and only Mexican-American civil-rights case heard and decided by the United States Supreme Court during the post-Wo ...

'' , 1954 , 347 U.S. 475 , the 14th Amendment protects those beyond the racial classes of white or Negro , - , ''

Briggs v. Elliott ''Briggs v. Elliott'', 342 U.S. 350 (1952), on appeal from the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina, challenged school segregation in Summerton, South Carolina. It was the first of the five cases combined into ''Brown v ...

'' , 1952 , 347 U.S. 483 , Brown case 1 Summerton, South Carolina , - , ''

Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ''Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County'' (Docket number: Civ. A. No. 1333; Case citation: 103 F. Supp. 337 (1952)) was one of the five cases combined into '' Brown v. Board of Education'', the famous case in which the U.S. Supreme ...

'' , 1952 , 103 F. Supp. 337 , ''Brown'' Case 2 - Prince Edward County, Virginia , - , ''

Gebhart v. Belton ''Gebhart v. Belton'', 33 Del. Ch. 144, 87 A.2d 862 (Del. Ch. 1952), ''aff'd'', 91 A.2d 137 (Del. 1952), was a case decided by the Delaware Court of Chancery in 1952 and affirmed by the Delaware Supreme Court in the same year. ''Gebhart'' was on ...

'' , 1952 , 33 Del. Ch. 144 , ''Brown'' Case 2 - Claymont, Delaware , - , ''

Bolling v. Sharpe ''Bolling v. Sharpe'', 347 U.S. 497 (1954), is a List of landmark court decisions in the United States, landmark Supreme Court of the United States, United States Supreme Court Legal case, case in which the Court held that the Constitution proh ...

'' , 1954 , 347 U.S. 497 , ''Brown'' companion case—dealt with the constitutionality of segregation in the

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, - , ''

Browder v. Gayle ''Browder v. Gayle'', 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956),''Browder v. Gayle''
14 ...

'' , 1956 , 142 F. Supp. 707 ,

Montgomery, Alabama Montgomery is the capital city of the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Montgomery County. Named for the Irish soldier Richard Montgomery, it stands beside the Alabama River, on the coastal Plain of the Gulf of Mexico. In the 202 ...

bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment , - , ''

NAACP v. Alabama ''National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama'', 357 U.S. 449 (1958), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court. Alabama sought to prevent the NAACP from conducting further business in the state. After the circuit ...

'' , 1958 , 357 U.S. 449 , privacy of NAACP membership lists, and free association of members , - , ''

Cooper v. Aaron ''Cooper v. Aaron'', 358 U.S. 1 (1958), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, which denied the school board of Little Rock, Arkansas, the right to delay racial desegregation for 30 months. On September 12, 1958, th ...

'' , 1958 , 358 U.S. 1 , Federal court enforcement of desegregation , - , ''

Boynton v. Virginia ''Boynton v. Virginia'', 364 U.S. 454 (1960), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court.. The case overturned a judgment convicting an African American law student for trespassing by being in a restaurant in a bus terminal which was "whit ...

'' , 1960 , 364 U.S. 454 , Interstate commerce clause prohibits segregation at bus stop restaurant , - , ''

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States ''Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States'', 379 U.S. 241 (1964), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States holding that the Commerce Clause gave the U.S. Congress power to force private businesses to abide by Title ...

'' , 1964 , 379 U.S. 241 , upheld the constitutionality of the

Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 () is a landmark civil rights and United States labor law, labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on Race (human categorization), race, Person of color, color, religion, sex, and nationa ...

, - , ''

Loving v. Virginia ''Loving v. Virginia'', 388 U.S. 1 (1967), was a List of landmark court decisions in the United States, landmark civil rights decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States, laws ban ...

'' , 1967 , 388 U.S. 1 , banned

anti-miscegenation laws Anti-miscegenation laws or miscegenation laws are laws that enforce racial segregation at the level of marriage and intimate relationships by criminalization, criminalizing interracial marriage and sometimes also sex between members of different R ...

, - , ''

Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education ''Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education'', 396 U.S. 19 (1969), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ordered immediate desegregation of public schools in the American South. It followed 15 years of delays to integrate ...

'' , 1969 , 396 U.S. 1218 , changed ''Browns requirement of desegregation "with all deliberate speed" to one of "desegregation now" , - , '' Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education'' , 1971 , 402 U.S. 1 , establish bussing as a solution , - , '' Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson'' , 1971 , 404 U.S 1215 , "Brown v. Board of Education was not written for blacks alone", desegregation of Asian schools in opposition to parents of Asian students , - , '' Milliken v. Bradley'' , 1974 , 418 U.S. 717 , rejected bussing across school district lines , - , ''

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ''Regents of the University of California v. Bakke'', 438 U.S. 265 (1978) involved a dispute of whether preferential treatment for minorities can reduce educational opportunities for whites without violating the Constitution. The case was a la ...

'' , 1978 , 438 U.S. 265 , race could be considered among other factors in the college admissions process, but racial quotas under affirmative action are unconstitutional , - , ''

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ''Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1'', 551 U.S. 701 (2007), also known as the ''PICS case'', is a United States Supreme Court case which found it unconstitutional for a school district to use race as a factor ...

'' , 2007 , 551 U.S. 701 , rejected using race as the sole determining factor for assigning students to schools , - , ''

Obergefell v. Hodges ''Obergefell v. Hodges'', ( ), is a landmark LGBT rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protect ...

'' , 2015 , 556 U.S. 14 , the United States Supreme Court ruled that marriage is a fundamental right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment, and therefore must be afforded to same-sex couples. The ruling ensured that statewide bans on same-sex marriage could not be held up as constitutional. United States Fourteenth Amendment case law