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Lex Junia Licinia
The ''lex Junia Licinia'' or ''lex Junia et Licinia'' was an ancient Roman law produced in 62 BC that confirmed the similar ''lex Caecilia Didia'' of 98 BC. The ''lex Junia Licinia'' was a consular law of Decimus Junius Silanus and Lucius Licinius Murena enacted during their consulship. This new law additionally served to protect the people's assembly from being tricked into passing laws containing hidden unrelated items that may have been misconstrued or unethical. These dubious proposals otherwise would not pass on their own merit, and so were a rider. This additional law by Murena put more enforcement to the original Didian law with greater punishment for not complying. Adam, p. 181 It also enacted ''ne clam aerario legem inferri liceret'', meaning that a copy of any proposed statute must be deposited before witnesses at the aerarium before it was brought to the comitia for final approval and made law. The reasoning behind this was to prevent forgery. It was to have a pub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lex Caecilia Didia
The ''lex Caecilia Didia'' was a law put into effect by the consuls Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos and Titus Didius in the year 98 BC. This law had two provisions. The first was a minimum period between proposing a Roman law and voting on it, and the second was a ban of miscellaneous provisions in a single Roman law. This law was reinforced by the ''lex Junia Licinia'' in 62 BC, an umbrella law introduced by Lucius Licinius Murena and Decimus Junius Silanus. Provisions The Bobbio Scholiast describes the first provision: "The Caecilian and Didian law decreed that the period of ''trinundium'' be observed for promulgating laws." The ''lex Caecilia Didia'', then, determined how much time had to be allowed between the publication of a law and its vote in the assembly.Berger, Adolf. ''Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law''. ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'' Vol II, No. 43, 1953. pp. 548, 546. The period of time designated by ''trinundium'' has been taken to mean eith ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aerarium
Aerarium, from ''aes'' (“bronze, money”) + -''ārium'' (“place for”), was the name given in Ancient Rome to the public treasury, and in a secondary sense to the public finances. ''Aerarium populi Romani'' The main ''aerarium'', that of the Roman people, was the ''aerarium Saturni'' located below the Temple of Saturn at the foot of the Capitoline hill. The Roman state stored here financial and non-financial state documents – including Roman laws and ''senatus consulta'' – along with the public treasury. Laws did not become valid until they were deposited there. It also held the standards of the Roman legions; during the Roman Republic, the urban quaestors managed it under the supervision and control of the Senate. By the classical republican period, the Senate had exclusive authority to disburse funds from it. Caesar replaced quaestorian administration with the administration of two aediles. In 28 BC, Augustus transferred the ''aerarium'' to two ''praefecti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
62 BC
__NOTOC__ Year 62 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silanus and Murena (or, less frequently, year 692 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 62 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Republic * January 5 – The forces of the conspirator Catiline are defeated by the loyal Roman armies of Antonius Hybrida led by Marcus Petreius in the Battle of Pistoria. * Julius Caesar divorces Pompeia, following the sacrilege of Publius Clodius Pulcher. * Cicero delivers his Pro Archia Poeta in defense of Aulus Licinius Archias' claim to Roman citizenship. * Cato the Younger, as tribune, presents a ''lex frumentaria'' ( enacting a grain dole). * Metellus Nepos, also tribune, leaves Rome. * Caesar and Bibulus are praetors. Commagene * King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene bui ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Law
Roman law is the law, legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (c. 449 BC), to the ''Corpus Juris Civilis'' (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for Civil law (legal system), civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously. The historical importance of Roman law is reflected by the continued use of List of legal Latin terms, Latin legal terminology in many legal systems influenced by it, including common law. After the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire, the Roman law remained in effect in the Eastern Roman Empire. From the 7th century onward, the legal language in the East was Greek. ''Roman law'' also denoted the legal system applied in most of Western Europe until the end of the 18th century. In Germany, Roman law practice remained in place longer under the Holy Roman Empire ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Law
Roman law is the law, legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (c. 449 BC), to the ''Corpus Juris Civilis'' (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for Civil law (legal system), civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously. The historical importance of Roman law is reflected by the continued use of List of legal Latin terms, Latin legal terminology in many legal systems influenced by it, including common law. After the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire, the Roman law remained in effect in the Eastern Roman Empire. From the 7th century onward, the legal language in the East was Greek. ''Roman law'' also denoted the legal system applied in most of Western Europe until the end of the 18th century. In Germany, Roman law practice remained in place longer under the Holy Roman Empire ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Omnibus Bill
An omnibus bill is a proposed law that covers a number of diverse or unrelated topics. ''Omnibus'' is derived from Latin and means "to, for, by, with or from everything". An omnibus bill is a single document that is accepted in a single vote by a legislature but packages together several measures into one or combines diverse subjects. Because of their large size and scope, omnibus bills limit opportunities for debate and scrutiny. Historically, omnibus bills have sometimes been used to pass controversial amendments. For this reason, some consider omnibus bills to be anti-democratic. United States In the United States, omnibus bills are sometimes known as "Big Ugly" bills. Examples include reconciliation bills, combined appropriations bills, and private relief and claims bills. Appropriations legislation Omnibus legislation is routinely used by the United States Congress to group together the budgets of all departments in one year in an omnibus spending bill. For example, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Roman Laws
This is a partial list of Roman laws. A Roman law (Latin: ''lex'') is usually named for the sponsoring legislator and designated by the adjectival form of his ''gens'' name ('' nomen gentilicum''), in the feminine form because the noun ''lex'' (plural ''leges'') is of feminine grammatical gender. When a law is the initiative of the two consuls, it is given the name of both, with the ''nomen'' of the senior consul first. Sometimes a law is further specified by a short phrase describing the content of the law, to distinguish that law from others sponsored by members of the same ''gens''. Roman laws Post-Roman law codes based on Roman legislation *''lex Romana Burgundionum'' one of the law tables for Romans after the fall of the Western Roman Empire *'' lex Romana Visigothorum'' (AD 506) one of the law tables for Romans after the fall of the Western Roman Empire General denominations *'' lex agraria'' A law regulating distribution of public lands *'' lex annalis'' A law re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christmas Tree Bill
In the United States Congress, a Christmas tree bill is a political term referring to a bill that attracts many, often unrelated, floor Bill (proposed law), amendments. A Christmas tree bill consists of many rider (legislation), riders. The amendments which adorn the bill may provide special benefits to various groups or interests. The term refers to the proposed legislation being subject to having each member of Congress hang their own amendment on it. Definition The traditional Christmas tree bill begins as a minor bill that passes the House. Senators are not limited by the wikt:germane, germaneness rule present in the House and are able to add unrelated amendments to the House bill to provide benefits to special interest groups and campaign contributors. Usually the amendments provide tax benefits or favorable trade treatments. Many Christmas tree bills are enacted in the crush of legislation as Congress prepares to adjourn for the Christmas holidays. These bills usually have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rogatio
:''See Rogation days for usage pertaining to the Christian calendar of the Western Church.'' In Roman constitutional law, ''rogatio'' is the term (from Latin ''rogo'', "ask, place a question before") for a legislative bill placed before an Assembly of the People in ancient Rome. The ''rogatio'' procedure underscores the fact that the Roman Senate could issue decrees, but was not a legislative or parliamentarian body. Only the People could pass legislation. A magistrate with the right to summon the assembly could propose a bill (''rogatio legis''); the proposed laws themselves were ''leges rogatae''. A bill's proposer was its ''lator''; a supporter was an ''auctor''. Discussions in the senate would contribute to the drafting of a bill, which would be published (''promulgare rogationem'', that is, '' promulgatio'') three weeks or more before it was formally submitted to the assembly. During this period, citizens could discuss the bill and propose changes, or more rarely ask for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comitia
The legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic were political institutions in the ancient Roman Republic. According to the contemporary historian Polybius, it was the people (and thus the assemblies) who had the final say regarding the election of magistrates, the enactment of Roman laws, the carrying out of capital punishment, the declaration of war and peace, and the creation (or dissolution) of alliances. Under the Constitution of the Roman Republic, the people (and thus the assemblies) held the ultimate source of sovereignty. Since the Romans used a form of direct democracy, citizens, and not elected representatives, voted before each assembly. As such, the citizen-electors had no power, other than to cast a vote. Each assembly was presided over by a single Roman Magistrate, and as such, it was the presiding magistrate who made all decisions on matters of procedure and legality. Ultimately, the presiding magistrate's power over the assembly was nearly absolute. The only chec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rider (legislation)
In legislative procedure, a rider is an additional provision added to a bill or other measure under the consideration by a legislature, having little connection with the subject matter of the bill. Some scholars identify riders as a specific form of logrolling,Philip L. Dubois, ''Lawmaking by Initiative: Issues, Options and Comparisons'' (Algora, 1998), p. 126. or as implicit logrolling. Others distinguish riders from logrolling.Michael D. GilbertSingle Subject Rules and the Legislative Process 67 ''University of Pittsburgh Law Review'' 803. Adding riders to legislation is not permitted in legislatures bound by a single-subject rule. United States Federal legislation In the U.S. Congress, riders have been a traditional method for members of Congress to advance controversial measures without building coalitions specifically in support of them, allowing the measure to move through the legislative process: "By combining measures, the legislative leadership can force members to acc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics, and he is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and served as consul in 63 BC. His influence on the Latin language was immense. He wrote more than three-quarters of extant Latin literature that is known to have existed in his lifetime, and it has been said that subsequent prose was either a reaction against or a return to his style, not only in Latin but in European languages up to the 19th century. Cicero introduced into Latin the arguments of the chief schools of Hellenistic philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
