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Leon I Of Abkhazia
Leon I of Abkhazia, hereditary prince (Eristavi) of Abkhazia, ruling between 720–740 and a vassal to the Byzantine Emperor. The ''Divan of the Abkhazian Kings'' mentions that his reign took place in the 1st half of the 8th century. During his reign Leon actively battled invading Arabs and had close diplomatic contacts with the prince of Iberia and Kakheti, Archil. He also had significant relations to the Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian, to whom he sent a letter asking for help against the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate. In answer, the Emperor confirmed his hereditary rule over the Kingdom of Abkhazia and suggested that he should accept Archil as his overlord and suzerain and by doing so, battle the Muslims with united forces. Leo III also bestowed the title of Archon upon the Abkhazian King. This meant that the Byzantines accepted Leon I's rule over the lands of Egrisi, Jiketi and Sanigia. The ties between Archil and Leon I were also strengthened by Leon's marriage wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eristavi
''Eristavi'' (; literally, "head of the nation") was a Georgian feudal office, roughly equivalent to the Byzantine ''strategos'' and normally translated into English as "prince" or less commonly as "duke". In the Georgian aristocratic hierarchy, it was the title of the third rank of prince and governor of a large province. Holders of the title were ex-officio commanders of a military 'banner', wore a distinctive dress, ring, belt and spear and rode a particular breed of horse. Some high-ranking eristavis were also titled as eristavt-eristavi (), i.e. "duke of dukes" or archduke but it is improbable that the holder of the title had any subordinate eristavis. Erismtavari (; literally, "chief of the people" or grand duke) was a similar title chiefly endowed upon the pre- Bagratid rulers of Iberia (Eastern Georgia) and later used interchangeably with the ''eristavi''. The title gave origin to the surname of four Georgian noble houses— Eristavi of Aragvi, Eristavi of Ksani, Erist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanigs
The Sanigs ( ka, სანიგები) were a tribe inhabiting Western Georgian/ Abkhazia during antiquity. Their ethnic identity is obscure and is the subject of a controversy. They are first attested in the works of Pliny, Arrian and Memnon of Heraclea. Some scholars consider them to be Zans (ancestors of Mingrelian and Laz peoples), while others maintain that they were proto-Svans. There is also a consideration that they may have been somewhat similar to the Zygii tribe. According to Arrian, they inhabited the area around Sebastopolis (modern Sukhumi). In favour of the Sanigs Kartvelian (either Zan or Svan) origin, it is important to mention some modern Georgian surnames A Georgian name consists of a given name and a surname used by ethnic Georgians. Given names According to the Public Service Hall the most common Georgian names are: [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leon II Of Abkhazia
Leon II ( ka, ლეონ II) was King of Abkhazia from circa 780 to 828. He was the nephew and successor of Leon I of the Anchabadze dynasty and from maternal side grandson of the reigning Khagan of the Khazars (possibly Bihar or Baghatur). Life Leon II exploited existed dynastic union to acquire Lazica in the 770s, as John was dead and Juansher grew old. Towards circa 778, Leon II won his full independence with the help of the Khazars to assumed the title of " King of the Abkhazians''"'' and transferred his capital from Anacopia to the western Georgian city of Kutaisi. According to Georgian annals, Leon subdivided his kingdom into eight duchies: Abkhazia proper, Tskhumi, Bedia, Guria, Racha and Takveri, Svaneti, Argveti, and Kutatisi.Vakhushti Bagrationi, ''The History of Egrisi, Abkhazeti or Imereti'', part 1. Leon II during his life strengthened the contacts with the political circles of Tao-Klarjeti by means of the dynasty marriages. During his reign Abkhazian king ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abkhazian Kingdom
The Kingdom of Abkhazia ( ka, აფხაზთა სამეფო, tr; lit. "Kingdom of the Abkhazians"), also known as Abasgia or Egrisi-Abkhazia, was a medieval feudal state in the Caucasus which was established in the 780s. Through dynastic succession, it was united in 1008 with the Kingdom of the Iberians, forming the Kingdom of Georgia. Byzantine sources record that in the early years of the 10th century Abkhazia stretched three hundred Greek miles along the Black Sea coast, from the frontiers of the '' thema'' of Chaldia to the mouth of the river Nicopsis, with the Caucasus behind it. History Background Abkhazia, or Abasgia of classic sources, was a princedom under Byzantine authority. It lay chiefly along the Black Sea coast in what is now the northwestern part of the modern-day Georgia (disputed Republic of Abkhazia) and extended northward into the territory of today's Krasnodar Krai of Russia. It had Anacopia as its capital. Abkhazia was ruled by a heredita ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anakopia
New Athos or Akhali Atoni ( ka, ახალი ათონი, ''Akhali Atoni''; ab, Афон Ҿыц, ''Afon Ch'yts''; russian: Новый Афон; ''Novy Afon'', gr, Νέος Άθως, ''Neos Athos'') is a town in the Gudauta ''raion'' of Abkhazia situated some from Sukhumi by the shores of the Black Sea. The town was previously known under the names Nikopol, Acheisos, Anakopia, Nikopia, Nikofia, Nikopsis, Absara, and Psyrtskha. New Athos Cave is one of Abkhazia's tourist attractions. History The excavations at the Anacopia fortress which is located at the edge of the town showed that it functioned in the 5-12 centuries CE, though some archeologists date the construction of the defences to 7th century. Anacopia is associated with the fortress of Tracheia mentioned by Prokopius. Anacopia was the capital of the Abkhazian princedom in the orbit of the Byzantine Empire and then of the Abkhazian Kingdom after the archon Leon II declared himself a king in the late 8th centur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marwan II
Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam ( ar, مروان بن محمد بن مروان بن الحكم, Marwān ibn Muḥammad ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam; – 6 August 750), commonly known as Marwan II, was the fourteenth and last caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 744 until his death. His reign was dominated by a civil war, and he was the last Umayyad ruler to rule the united Caliphate before the Abbasid Revolution toppled the Umayyad dynasty. Birth and background Marwan ibn Muhammad was a member of the ''Marwanid'' household of the Umayyad Caliphate. His grandmother, named Zaynab. Marwan's father, Muhammad ibn Marwan, who was the son of the fourth Umayyad Caliph Marwan I (), and hence half-brother to fifth Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ().Zetterstéen (1993), p. 408 His mother was a woman who's mostly unnamed, however sometimes is called Rayya or Tarubah, and is likely of non-Arab origin (a Kurd according to some accounts). Some have referenced that hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marwan Ibn Muhammad's Invasion Of Georgia
Marwan ibn Muhammad's invasion of Georgia took place from 735 to 737. It was initiated by the Umayyad Caliphate. The goals of the campaign are disputed among historians. The Georgian historiography insists its main purpose was to finally break the stiff Georgian resistance against Arab rule, however, the western historians such as Cyril Toumanoff,Toumanoff, Cyril, "Iberia between Chosroid and Bagratid Rule", in ''Studies in Christian Caucasian History'', Georgetown, 1963, p. 405. Accessible online at and Ronald Suny, Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), ''The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition'', p. 28. Indiana University Press, view it as a general campaign directed at both the Byzantine Empire, who exerted dominion over Western Georgia, and the Khazars, whose repeated raids affected not only Iberia (Eastern Georgia) and the whole Caucasus, but had in 730 reached Arab lands all the way to Mosul. The invasion The invasion was led by Marwan ibn Muhammad, who later became the last U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mirian Of Kakheti
Prince Mirian or Mihr ( ka, მირიანი; მირი) was a Georgian prince of the royal Chosroid dynasty reigning between 736 and 741. Life He was son of Prince Stephen of Kakheti and brother of Prince Archil of Kakheti. According to the chronicle his father divided between his two sons the royal treasure of silver and gold jewels before taking refuge to Colchis In Greco-Roman geography, Colchis (; ) was an exonym for the Georgian polity of Egrisi ( ka, ეგრისი) located on the coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia. Its population, the Colchians are generally though ... (Western Georgia). The second half of the royal treasury was left to his second son, the future ruler Archil of Kakheti "the Martyr", who remained in Kakheti. The reign of Mirian was brief. He was seriously injured in a fight against the Arab forces, he died, leaving the throne to his brother.Marie-Félicité Brosset, Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l’Antiquit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sadzen
Lesser Abkhazia (Georgian: ჯიქეთი, Jiqeti) was the term used to refer to those lands of Abkhazia that were not subject to the direct control of the ruling Shervashidze dynasty. History After the Russian-Circassian War, the bulk of the mountaineers relocated to the Ottoman Empire, while the depopulated coastline was gradually colonized by Christian settlers of various ethnicity. Sadzen was an ill-defined region on the eastern shore of the Black Sea which used to be settled by the Sadz people, hence the name. In the mid-19th century, it came to be known in Russian and Western literature as Lesser Abkhazia. According to Ivane Javakhishvili it is a historical part of Georgia.Ivane Javakhishvili, The northern part of Sadzen today forms part of Greater Sochi, while the southern part falls within the borders of Abkhazia. The Sochi conflict took place in Sadzen in 1918-1920. See also *Principality of Abkhazia *Ubykhia *Upper Abkhazia Upper Abkhazia ( ka, ზე ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Abkhazia
The Kingdom of Abkhazia ( ka, აფხაზთა სამეფო, tr; lit. "Kingdom of the Abkhazians"), also known as Abasgia or Egrisi-Abkhazia, was a Middle Ages, medieval feudalism, feudal state in the Caucasus which was established in the 780s. Through dynastic succession, it Unification of the Georgian realm, was united in 1008 with the Kingdom of the Iberians, forming the Kingdom of Georgia. Byzantine Empire, Byzantine sources record that in the early years of the 10th century Abkhazia stretched three hundred Ancient Greece, Greek miles along the Black Sea coast, from the frontiers of the ''Theme (Byzantine district), thema'' of Chaldia to the mouth of the river Nicopsis, with the Greater Caucasus, Caucasus behind it. History Background Abkhazia, or Abasgoi, Abasgia of classic sources, was a Principality, princedom under Byzantine Empire, Byzantine authority. It lay chiefly along the Black Sea coast in what is now the northwestern part of the modern-day Georgi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lazica
Lazica ( ka, ეგრისი, ; lzz, ლაზიკა, ; grc-gre, Λαζική, ; fa, لازستان, ; hy, Եգեր, ) was the Latin name given to the territory of Colchis during the Roman/Byzantine period, from about the 1st century BC. History By the mid-3rd century, Lazica was given partial autonomy within the Roman Empire and developed into kingdom. Throughout much of its existence, it was mainly a Byzantine strategic vassal kingdom that briefly came under Sasanian Persian rule during the Lazic War. The kingdom fell to the Muslim conquest in the 7th century. Lazica in the 8th century successfully repelled the Arab occupation and formed part of the Kingdom of Abkhazia from c. 780, one of the early medieval polities which would converge into the unified kingdom of Georgia in the 11th century. Ecclesiastical history In the early 4th century, the Christian eparchy (eastern bishopric) of Pityus was established in this kingdom, and as in neighboring Iberia Chris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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