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Luren Language
Lu, or Luren (卢人), is an extinct Sino-Tibetan language of Guizhou, China. The Luren language may have been extinct since the 1960s.Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer 州省志. 民族志(2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House 州民族出版社 Luren is closely related to Caijia and Longjia.Hölzl, Andreas. 2021Longjia (China) - Language Contexts ''Language Documentation and Description'' 20, 13-34. However, the classification of these languages within Sino-Tibetan is uncertain. Zhengzhang (2010) suggests that Caijia and Bai form a Greater Bai branch,Zhèngzhāng Shàngfāng 张尚芳 2010. Càijiāhuà Báiyǔ guānxì jí cígēn bǐjiào 家话白语关系及词根比较 In Pān Wǔyún and Shěn Zhōngwěi 悟云、沈钟伟(eds.). Yánjūzhī Lè, The Joy of Research 究之乐-庆祝王士元先生七十五寿辰学术论文集 II, 389–400. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House. while Sagart argues that Caijia and Wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People's Republic Of China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. Covering an area of approximately , it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macau). The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai. Modern Chinese trace their origins to a cradle of civilization in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. The semi-legendary Xia dynasty in the 21st century BCE and the well-attested Shang and Zhou dynasties developed a bureaucratic political system to serve hereditary monarchies, or dyna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guizhou
Guizhou (; formerly Kweichow) is a landlocked province in the southwest region of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Guiyang, in the center of the province. Guizhou borders the autonomous region of Guangxi to the south, Yunnan to the west, Sichuan to the northwest, the municipality of Chongqing to the north, and Hunan to the east. The population of Guizhou stands at 38.5 million, ranking 18th among the provinces in China. The Dian Kingdom, which inhabited the present-day area of Guizhou, was annexed by the Han dynasty in 106 BC. Guizhou was formally made a province in 1413 during the Ming dynasty. After the overthrow of the Qing in 1911 and following the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communist Party took refuge in Guizhou during the Long March between 1934 and 1935. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong promoted the relocation of heavy industry into inland provinces such as Guizhou, to better protect them fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luren People
There are dozens of ethnic groups in Guizhou province of China that are not officially recognized. These ethnic groups and their languages include: * Caijia 蔡家 *Chuanlan 穿兰: over 300,000 people classified as Han, in Anshun Prefecture; many also speak Bouyei and Miao *Chuanqing 穿青: 500,000–1,000,000 people classified as Han, mostly in Zhijin and Nayong, but also in Dafang, Shuicheng, Guanling, Qingzhen, Puding, and Liuzhi counties of Guizhou; has some non-Chinese loanwords *Limin 里民: 50,000–100,000 people classified as Yi and sometimes as Li, in Liuzhi, Guanling, Pu'an, Xingren, Zhenning, and Anlong counties of western Guizhou; most have shifted to Southwestern Mandarin, with few Limin speakers remaining. Also in Qinglong (''Qinglong County Gazetteer 1993''). Wang (2011) has researched ethnic Limin villages including Fanhua Village 凡化村, Pogong Township 坡贡镇, Guanling County.Wang Xianjun 献军(2011)贵州“里民人”探寻./ref> *Liujia : 4,000 (1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cai–Long Languages
The Cai–Long () or Ta–Li languages are a group of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in western Guizhou, China. Only Caijia is still spoken, while Longjia and Luren are extinct.Hölzl, Andreas. 2021Longjia (China) - Language Contexts ''Language Documentation and Description'' 20, 13-34. The branch was first recognized by Chinese researchers in the 1980s, with the term ''Cai–Long'' () first mentioned in Guizhou (1982: 43).GMSWSB 1982 = Guizhousheng minzu shiwu weiyuanhui shibie bangongshi 贵州省民族事务委员会识别办公室. Guizhou minzu shibie ziliaoji 贵州民族识别资料集, vol. 8, longjia, caijia 龙家，蔡家. Guiyang. (Unpublished manuscript.) The languages are unclassified within Sino-Tibetan, and could be Sinitic or Tibeto-Burman. Languages The Cai–Long languages are: * Caijia * Longjia (extinct) * Luren (extinct) Lexical innovations Hölzl (2021) proposes the name ''Ta–Li'' as a portmanteau of the two lexical innovations ‘two’ and ‘pig’ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sino-Tibetan Languages
Sino-Tibetan, also cited as Trans-Himalayan in a few sources, is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers. The vast majority of these are the 1.3 billion native speakers of Chinese languages. Other Sino-Tibetan languages with large numbers of speakers include Burmese (33 million) and the Tibetic languages (6 million). Other languages of the family are spoken in the Himalayas, the Southeast Asian Massif, and the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Most of these have small speech communities in remote mountain areas, and as such are poorly documented. Several low-level subgroups have been securely reconstructed, but reconstruction of a proto-language for the family as a whole is still at an early stage, so the higher-level structure of Sino-Tibetan remains unclear. Although the family is traditionally presented as divided into Sinitic (i.e. Chinese) and Tibeto-Burman branches, a common origin of the non-Sinitic languages has n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caijia Language
Caijia () is an endangered Sino-Tibetan language spoken in an area centred on Bijie, in the west of the Chinese province of Guizhou. It was first documented by Chinese researchers in the 1980s. It has been described by different authors as a relative of Bai or an early split from Old Chinese. The autonym is '. Classification Similarities among Old Chinese, Waxiang, Caijia, and Bai have been pointed out by Wu & Shen (2010) and others. Zhengzhang Shangfang (2010) argued that Bai and Caijia formed a Greater Bai subgroup of Sino-Tibetan. Caijia also appears to be related to the extinct Longjia and Luren languages,Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission 州省民族识别工作队 1984. ''Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia)'' 龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告 m.s. but they are too poorly documented for definitive classification. In contrast, Sagart (2011) groups Caijia with Waxiang, a divergent Chine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Longjia Language
Longjia (autonym: ') is a Sino-Tibetan language of Guizhou, China related to Caijia and Luren.Hölzl, Andreas. 2021Longjia (China) - Language Contexts ''Language Documentation and Description'' 20, 13-34. Longjia may already be extinct (Zhao 2011). The Longjia people now speak Southwestern Mandarin, though they used to speak their own language, and have had a long presence in western Guizhou. According to the ''Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer'' (2002),Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer 州省志. 民族志(2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House 州民族出版社 the Longjia language was spoken in Dafang County, Qianxi County (Zhongping District 中坪区; Xinfacun 新发村 of Pojiao District 坡脚区), and Puding County (Jiangyizhai 讲义寨 of Baiyan Township 白岩乡). It is reportedly most similar to Caijia, and has many Old Chinese loanwords.''Dafang County Almanac'' (1996:150-152) Classification Guizhou (1984) shows that Longjia is closely related ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bai Language
The Bai language (Bai: ; ) is a language spoken in China, primarily in Yunnan Province, by the Bai people. The language has over a million speakers and is divided into three or four main dialects. Bai syllables are always open, with a rich set of vowels and eight tones. The tones are divided into two groups with modal and non-modal ( tense, harsh or breathy) phonation. There is a small amount of traditional literature written with Chinese characters, Bowen (), as well as a number of recent publications printed with a recently standardized system of romanisation using the Latin alphabet. The origins of Bai have been obscured by intensive Chinese influence of an extended period. Different scholars have proposed that it is an early offshoot or sister language of Chinese, part of the Loloish branch or a separate group within the Sino-Tibetan family. Varieties Xu and Zhao (1984) divided Bai into three dialects, which may actually be distinct languages: Jianchuan (Central), Da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greater Bai Languages
The Greater Bai or simply Bai languages () are a putative group of Sino-Tibetan languages proposed by Zhengzhang, a linguist, in 2010, who argues that Bai and Caijia are sister languages.Zhèngzhāng Shàngfāng 张尚芳 2010. Càijiāhuà Báiyǔ guānxì jí cígēn bǐjiào 家话白语关系及词根比较 In Pān Wǔyún and Shěn Zhōngwěi 悟云、沈钟伟(eds.). Yánjūzhī Lè, The Joy of Research 究之乐-庆祝王士元先生七十五寿辰学术论文集 II, 389–400. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House. In contrast, Sagart (2011) argues that Caijia and the Waxiang language of northwestern Hunan constitute an early split off from Old Chinese.Sagart, Laurent. 2011Classifying Chinese dialects/Sinitic languages on shared innovations Talk given at Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, Norgent sur Marne. Additionally, Longjia and Luren are two extinct languages of western Guizhou closely related to Caijia (Guizhou 1984) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laurent Sagart
Laurent Sagart (; born 1951) is a senior researcher at the Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale (CRLAO – UMR 8563) unit of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). Biography Born in Paris in 1951, he earned his Ph.D. in 1977 at the University of Paris 7 and his ''doctorat d'État'' in 1990 at University of Aix-Marseille 1. His early work focused on Chinese dialectology. He then turned his attention to Old Chinese, attempting a reconstruction of Old Chinese that separated word roots and affixes. His recent work, in collaboration with William H. Baxter, is a reconstruction of Old Chinese that builds on earlier scholarship and in addition takes into account paleography, phonological distinctions in conservative Chinese dialects (Min, Waxiang) as well as the early layers of Chinese loanwords to Vietnamese, Hmong-Mien and to a lesser extent, Tai-Kadai. A reconstruction of 4,000 Chinese characters has been published online. Their 2014 book has been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waxiang Language
Waxiang (; ) is a divergent variety of Chinese, spoken by the Waxiang people, an unrecognized ethnic minority group in the northwestern part of Hunan province, China. Waxiang is a distinct language, very different from its surrounding Southwestern Mandarin, Xiang Chinese and the Hmongic Qo Xiong languages. Classification As noted by Laurent Sagart (2011)Sagart, Laurent. 2011. Classifying Chinese dialects/Sinitic languages on shared innovations. Talk given at Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, Norgent sur Marne. and others,de Sousa, Hilário. 2015The Far Southern Sinitic Languages as part of Mainland Southeast Asia In Enfield, N.J. & Comrie, Bernard (eds.), Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The state of the art (Pacific Linguistics 649), 356–439. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. . Waxiang appears to share some words with the Caijia language of western Guizhou. Sagart (2011) considers Caijia to be a sister of Waxiang. Currently, Waxiang is classified as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Chinese
Old Chinese, also called Archaic Chinese in older works, is the oldest attested stage of Chinese language, Chinese, and the ancestor of all modern varieties of Chinese. The earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BC, in the late Shang dynasty. Chinese bronze inscriptions, Bronze inscriptions became plentiful during the following Zhou dynasty. The latter part of the Zhou period saw a flowering of literature, including Four Books and Five Classics, classical works such as the ''Analects'', the ''Mencius (book), Mencius'', and the ''Zuo zhuan''. These works served as models for Literary Chinese (or Classical Chinese), which remained the written standard until the early twentieth century, thus preserving the vocabulary and grammar of late Old Chinese. Old Chinese was written with several early forms of Chinese characters, including Oracle bone script, Oracle Bone, Chinese bronze inscriptions, Bronze, and Seal scripts. Throughout ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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