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Luminogram
A luminogram is an image, usually made with an artistic purpose, created by exposure of photosensitive materials to light without the intervention of an object, (The term has also been used for two unrelated photographic techniques: as a synonym for ''arteriogram'' in angiography, for measuring coronary atherosclerosis; and as a term of the hand-writing expert W. R. Mansfield for an early means of reproducing images of normally invisible fluorescence phenomena.) Technique The luminogram is a variation on the photogram, made in the darkroom directly on photosensitive paper and chemically developed and fixed normally. While the photogram employs the shadows of objects, in the luminogram the light is modulated by varying the intensity through distance from the photosensitive surface, by the power or shape of the light source, or tempered by filters or gels, or by moving the light, often a low-powered torch (flashlight). The paper can itself be shaped to create the desired effe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heinz Hajek-Halke
Heinz Hajek-Halke (1898–1983) was a German experimental photographer and educator who co-founded the Fotoform group with Otto Steinert. Life and work Heinz Hajek-Halke, born in Berlin, Germany in 1898, the son of Paul Halke. He spent part of his childhood in Argentina. He started to study graphics in Berlin in 1915, served as a soldier in 1916 in World War I, and then continued his studies after that. Heinz Hajek-Halke worked as a Picture editor, photo editor, press photographer, and commercial artist, concentrating almost from the start on montage techniques. In the 1930s with the rise of the Nazis he lived quietly and photographed small animal life-forms. In 1937, Hajek-Halke travelled to Brazil where he produced, a documentary about a snake farm. He returned to Germany, in 1939. During World War II, he was conscripted by the German army and worked as an aerial and company photographer for the Dornier Flugzeugwerke, Dornier aircraft company on Lake Constance. After the w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photogram
A photogram is a photographic image made without a camera by placing objects directly onto the surface of a light-sensitive material such as photographic paper and then exposing it to light. The usual result is a negative shadow image that shows variations in tone that depends upon the transparency of the objects used. Areas of the paper that have received no light appear white; those exposed for a shorter time or through transparent or semi-transparent objects appear grey, while fully exposed areas are black in the final print. The technique is sometimes called cameraless photography. It was used by Man Ray in his exploration of rayographs. Other artists who have experimented with the technique include László Moholy-Nagy, Christian Schad (who called them "Schadographs"), Imogen Cunningham and Pablo Picasso. Variations of the technique have also been used for scientific purposes, in shadowgraph studies of flow in transparent media and in high-speed Schlieren photogra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photosensitive
Photosensitivity is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving photons, especially visible light. In medicine, the term is principally used for abnormal reactions of the skin, and two types are distinguished, photoallergy and phototoxicity. The photosensitive ganglion cells in the mammalian eye are a separate class of light-detecting cells from the photoreceptor cells that function in vision. Skin reactions Human medicine Sensitivity of the skin to a light source can take various forms. People with particular skin types are more sensitive to sunburn. Particular medications make the skin more sensitive to sunlight; these include most of the tetracycline antibiotics, heart drugs amiodarone, and Sulfonamide (medicine), sulfonamides. Some dietary supplements, such as St. John's Wort, include photosensitivity as a possible side effect. Particular conditions lead to increased light sensitivity. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus experience skin symptoms after sunligh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abstract Art
Abstract art uses visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world. Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of perspective and an attempt to reproduce an illusion of visible reality. By the end of the 19th century many artists felt a need to create a new kind of art which would encompass the fundamental changes taking place in technology, science and philosophy. The sources from which individual artists drew their theoretical arguments were diverse, and reflected the social and intellectual preoccupations in all areas of Western culture at that time. Abstract art, non-figurative art, non-objective art, and non-representational art are all closely related terms. They have similar, but perhaps not identical, meanings. Abstraction indicates a departure from reality in depiction of imagery in art. This departure ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artistic Techniques
Art is a diverse range of human activity, and resulting product, that involves creative or imaginative talent expressive of technical proficiency, beauty, emotional power, or conceptual ideas. There is no generally agreed definition of what constitutes art, and its interpretation has varied greatly throughout history and across cultures. In the Western tradition, the three classical branches of visual art are painting, sculpture, and architecture. Theatre, dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature, music, film and other media such as interactive media, are included in a broader definition of the arts. Until the 17th century, ''art'' referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences. In modern usage after the 17th century, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, the fine arts are separated and distinguished from acquired skills in general, such as the decorative or applied arts. The nature of art and related concepts, such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photographic Processes
A list of photographic processing techniques. Color *Agfacolor ** Ap-41 process (pre-1978 Agfa color slides; 1978-1983 was a transition period when Agfa slowly changed their color slide films from AP-41 to E6) *Anthotype *Autochrome Lumière, 1903 * Carbon print, 1862 *Chromogenic positive (Ektachrome) **E-3 process **E-4 process **E-6 process *Chromogenic negative **C-41 process **RA-4 process *Dufaycolor *Dye destruction ** Cibachrome **Ilfochrome *Dye-transfer process * Finlaycolor *Heliochrome *Kinemacolor *Kodachrome ** K-12 process **K-14 process * Lippmann plate, 1891 * One-light Black and white (monochrome) A * Abration tone * Acetate film * Albertype *Albumen print, 1850 * Algraphy *Ambrotype * Amphitype * Amylotype * Anaglyph *Anthotype * Anthrakotype * Archertype * Argentotype *Argyrotype * Aristo paper * Aristotype *Aristo * Artotype * Atrephograph * Atrograph * Aurotype * Autotype (photographic process) B * Barrieotype *Baryta coated paper * Bayard process * Bichr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adam Broomberg And Oliver Chanarin
Adam Broomberg (born 1970) and Oliver Chanarin (born 1971) are artists living and working in London. Together they have had numerous international exhibitions. Their work is represented in major public and private collections. They were awarded the Deutsche Börse Photography Prize for their book ''War Primer 2'', described as a "book that physically inhabits the pages of Bertolt Brecht's remarkable 1955 publication ''War Primer''." They were awarded the International Center of Photography Infinity Award for their publication, ''Holy Bible''. Broomberg and Chanarin founded the imprint ''Chopped Liver Press'' to publish and sell their own books as well as those by other artists. Broomberg was born in Johannesburg, South Africa and Chanarin was born in London. Publications *''Trust.'' London: Westzone, 2000. *''Ghetto.'' London: Trolley, 2003. *''Mr Mkhize's Portrait.'' London: Trolley, 2004. . *''Chicago.'' SteidlMACK, 2006. *''Fig.'' Göttingen: Steidl; Brighton: Photoworks, 20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perceptual Psychology
Perceptual psychology is a subfield of cognitive psychology that concerns the conscious and unconscious innate aspects of the human cognitive system: perception. A pioneer of the field was James J. Gibson. One major study was that of affordances, i.e. the perceived utility of objects in, or features of, one's surroundings. According to Gibson, such features or objects were perceived as affordances and not as separate or distinct objects in themselves. This view was central to several other fields as software user interface and usability engineering, environmentalism in psychology, and ultimately to political economy where the perceptual view was used to explain the omission of key inputs or consequences of economic transactions, i.e. resources and wastes. Gerard Egan and Robert Bolton explored areas of interpersonal interactions based on the premise that people act in accordance with their perception of a given situation. While behaviour is obvious, a person's thoughts and feelings ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Color Constancy
Color constancy is an example of subjective constancy and a feature of the human color perception system which ensures that the perceived color of objects remains relatively constant under varying illumination conditions. A green apple for instance looks green to us at midday, when the main illumination is white sunlight, and also at sunset, when the main illumination is red. This helps us identify objects. Color vision Color vision is how we perceive the objective color, which people, animals and machines are able to distinguish objects based on the different wavelengths of light reflected, transmitted, or emitted by the object. In humans, light is detected by the eye using two types of photoreceptors, Cone cells, cones and Rod cells, rods, which send signals to the visual cortex, which in turn processes those colors into a subjective perception. Color constancy is a process that allows the brain to recognize a familiar object as being a consistent color regardless of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Light-emitting Diode
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device. Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared (IR) light. Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such as those used with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent bulbs, and in seven-segment displays. Later developments produced LEDs available in visible, ultraviolet (UV) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ilfochrome
Ilfochrome (also commonly known as Cibachrome) is a dye destruction positive-to-positive photographic process used for the reproduction of film transparencies on photographic paper. The prints are made on a dimensionally stable polyester base as opposed to traditional paper base. Since it uses 13 layers of azo dyes sealed in a polyester base, the print will not fade, discolour, or deteriorate for an extended time. Accelerated aging tests conducted by Henry Wilhelm rated the process as producing prints which, framed under glass, would last for 29 years before color shifts could be detected. Characteristics of Ilfochrome prints are image clarity, color purity, and being an archival process able to produce critical accuracy to the original transparency. History Dr. Bela Gaspar created Gasparcolor, the dye bleach process upon which the Cibachrome process was originally based. It was considered vital to the war effort in the 1940s. Gaspar turned down many offers to sell the rights ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harmonogram
Karol Adamiecki ( Dąbrowa Górnicza, 18 March 1866 – 16 May 1933, Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish engineer, management researcher, economist, and professor. Life Karol Adamiecki was a prominent management researcher in Eastern and Central Europe. He began his research at the Institute of Technology in St. Petersburg, Russia (1884–90). In 1891 he graduated in engineering from the university in St. Petersburg. He then returned to Dąbrowa Górnicza, where he was in charge of a steel rolling mill. While working in the steel industry, he developed his ideas on management. In 1919 he joined the Warsaw Polytechnic as a lecturer, becoming a professor in 1922. From 1922 he headed the newly established Department of Work Organization and Industrial Enterprises at the Polytechnic's Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. He was the founder and first director (1925–1933) of the Institute of Scientific Organization () in Warsaw. He served as vice president of the European Associati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
