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List Of Effects
This is a list of names for observable phenomena that contain the word “effect”, amplified by reference(s) to their respective fields of study. A *Abscopal effect (cancer treatments) (immune system) (medical treatments) (radiation therapy) *Accelerator effect (economics) *Accordion effect (physics) (waves) *Acousto-optic effect (nonlinear optics) (waves) *Additive genetic effects (genetics) *Aharonov–Bohm effect (quantum mechanics) * Al Jazeera effect (Al Jazeera) (media issues) *Alienation effect (acting techniques) (Bertolt Brecht theories and techniques) (film theory) (metafictional techniques) (theatre) * Allais effect (fringe physics) *Allee effect (biology) *Ambiguity effect (cognitive biases) *Anrep effect (cardiology) (medicine) *Antenna effect (digital electronics) (electronic design automation) *Anti-greenhouse effect (atmospheric dynamics) (atmospheric science) (astronomy) (planetary atmospheres) *Askaryan effect (particle physics) *Asymmetric blade effect ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Audience Effect
Social facilitation is a social phenomenon in which being in the presence of others improves individual task performance. That is, people do better on tasks when they are with other people rather than when they are doing the task alone. Situations that elicit social facilitation include coaction, performing for an audience, and appears to depend on task complexity. Norman Triplett's early investigations describes social facilitation to occur during instances of coaction, which is performing a task in the presence of other people performing a similar task, while not necessarily engaging in direct interactions with each other. Triplett first observed this in cyclists, finding that cyclists rode at faster speeds when competing against other cyclists compared to when cycling alone. Social facilitation has also been known to occur when performing a task in front of an audience, or during periods of observation, sometimes referred to as audience effects. For instance, during exercise M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bandwagon Effect
The bandwagon effect is the tendency for people to adopt certain behaviors, styles, or attitudes simply because others are doing so. More specifically, it is a cognitive bias by which public opinion or behaviours can alter due to particular actions and beliefs rallying amongst the public. It is a psychological phenomenon whereby the rate of uptake of beliefs, ideas, fads and trends increases with respect to the proportion of others who have already done so. As more people come to believe in something, others also "hop on the bandwagon" regardless of the underlying evidence. Following others' actions or beliefs can occur because of conformism or deriving information from others. Much of the influence of the bandwagon effect comes from the desire to 'fit in' with peers; by making similar selections as other people, this is seen as a way to gain access to a particular social group. An example of this is fashion trends wherein the increasing popularity of a certain garment or style ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bambi Effect
The "Bambi effect" is an objection against the killing of animals that are perceived as "cute" or "adorable", such as deer, while there may be little or no objection to the suffering of animals that are perceived as somehow repulsive or less than desirable, such as pigs or other woodland creatures. Referring to a form of purported anthropomorphism, the term is inspired by Walt Disney's 1942 animated film ''Bambi'', where an emotional high point is the death of the lead character's mother at the hands of the film's antagonist, a hunting, hunter known only as "Human, Man". Effects Some commentators have credited this purported effect with increasing public awareness of the dangers of pollution, for instance in the case of the fate of sea otters after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, ''Exxon Valdez'' oil spill, and in the public interest in scaring birds off airfields in non-lethal ways. In the case of invasive species, perceived cuteness may help thwart efforts to eradicate non-native ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balloon-carried Light Effect
A balloon-carried light effect is a special effect carried by a balloon, which can be fixed with a rope to the ground or free-flying. They are commonly misidentified as "Unidentified Flying Objects" by members of public. Uses Balloon-carried light effects can be used without safety concerns at events with a lot of people, because unlike fireworks they do not require the use of flammable substances. The brightness is much lower, when non-dangerous light sources such as lightsticks or battery-powered lamps are used. Balloon-carried light effects cannot replace fireworks, but supplement them, because of their long lighting time (if lightsticks or battery powered lamps are used) and because of their inherent safety. To realise a balloon-carried light effect, one or more balloons are used, capable of carrying a lightstick or a small battery powered lamp. Further it is possible to insert one or two small lightsticks into a transparent balloon. It is also possible for larger balloon-c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baldwin Effect
In evolutionary biology, the Baldwin effect, a phenotype-first theory of evolution, describes the effect of learned behaviour on evolution. James Mark Baldwin and others suggested during the eclipse of Darwinism in the late 19th century that an organism's ''ability to learn'' new behaviours (e.g. to acclimatise to a new stressor) will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through natural selection. Though this process appears similar to Lamarckism, that view proposes that living things ''inherited'' their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the modern synthesis. "A New Factor in Evolution" The effect, then unnamed, was put forward in 1896 in a paper "A New Factor in Evolution" by the American psychologist James Mark Baldwin, with a second paper in 1897. The paper proposed a mechanism for specific selecti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balassa–Samuelson Effect
The Balassa–Samuelson effect, also known as Harrod–Balassa–Samuelson effect (Kravis and Lipsey 1983), the Ricardo–Viner–Harrod–Balassa–Samuelson–Penn–Bhagwati effect (Samuelson 1994, p. 201), or productivity biased purchasing power parity (PPP) (Officer 1976) is the tendency for consumer prices to be systematically higher in more developed countries than in less developed countries. This observation about the systematic differences in consumer prices is called the "Penn effect". The Balassa–Samuelson hypothesis is the proposition that this can be explained by the greater variation in productivity between developed and less developed countries in the traded goods' sectors which in turn affects wages and prices in the non-tradable goods sectors. Béla Balassa and Paul Samuelson independently proposed the causal mechanism for the Penn effect in the early 1960s. The theory The Balassa–Samuelson effect depends on inter-country differences in the relative p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon
Frequency illusion, also known as the Baader–Meinhof phenomenon or frequency bias, is a cognitive bias in which, after noticing something for the first time, there is a tendency to notice it more often, leading someone to believe that it has an increased frequency of occurrence. It occurs when increased awareness of something creates the illusion that it is appearing more often. Put plainly, the frequency illusion occurs when "a concept or thing you just found out about suddenly seems to pop up everywhere." History The name "Baader–Meinhof phenomenon" was derived from a particular instance of frequency illusion in which the Baader–Meinhof Group was mentioned. In this instance, it was noticed by a man named Terry Mullen, who in 1994 wrote a letter to a newspaper column in which he mentioned that he had first heard of the Baader–Meinhof Group, and shortly thereafter coincidentally came across the term from another source. After the story was published, various readers submi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baader-Meinhof Effect
Frequency illusion, also known as the Baader–Meinhof phenomenon or frequency bias, is a cognitive bias in which, after noticing something for the first time, there is a tendency to notice it more often, leading someone to believe that it has an increased frequency of occurrence. It occurs when increased awareness of something creates the illusion that it is appearing more often. Put plainly, the frequency illusion occurs when "a concept or thing you just found out about suddenly seems to pop up everywhere." History The name "Baader–Meinhof phenomenon" was derived from a particular instance of frequency illusion in which the Baader–Meinhof Group was mentioned. In this instance, it was noticed by a man named Terry Mullen, who in 1994 wrote a letter to a newspaper column in which he mentioned that he had first heard of the Baader–Meinhof Group, and shortly thereafter coincidentally came across the term from another source. After the story was published, various readers submi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Averch–Johnson Effect
The Averch–Johnson effect is the tendency of Monopoly#Government-granted monopoly, regulated companies to engage in excessive amounts of capital accumulation in order to expand the volume of their profits. If companies' profits to Financial capital, capital ratio is regulated at a certain percentage then there is a strong incentive for companies to over-invest in order to increase profits overall. This investment goes beyond any optimal efficiency point for capital that the company may have calculated as higher profit is almost always desired over and above efficiency. Excessive capital accumulation under rate-of-return regulation is informally known as gold plating. Mathematical derivation Suppose that a regulated firm wishes to maximize its profit:\pi = R(K,L) - wL - rKwhere R(K,L) is the revenue function, K is the firm's capital stock, L is the firm's labor stock, w is the wage rate, and r is the cost of capital. The firm's profit is constrained such that:\sigma = where \sigm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avalanche Effect
In cryptography, the avalanche effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip). In the case of high-quality block ciphers, such a small change in either the key or the plaintext should cause a drastic change in the ciphertext. The actual term was first used by Horst Feistel, although the concept dates back to at least Shannon's ''diffusion''. If a block cipher or cryptographic hash function does not exhibit the avalanche effect to a significant degree, then it has poor randomization, and thus a cryptanalyst can make predictions about the input, being given only the output. This may be sufficient to partially or completely break the algorithm. Thus, the avalanche effect is a desirable condition from the point of view of the designer of the cryptographic algorithm or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autokinetic Effect
The autokinetic effect (also referred to as autokinesis and the autokinetic illusion) is a phenomenon of visual perception in which a stationary, small point of light in an otherwise dark or featureless environment appears to move. It was first recorded in 1799 by Alexander von Humboldt who observed illusory movement of a star in a dark sky, although he believed the movement was real. It is presumed to occur because motion perception is always relative to some reference point, and in darkness or in a featureless environment there is no reference point, so the position of the single point is undefined. The direction of the movements does not appear to be correlated with involuntary eye movements, but may be determined by errors between eye position and that specified by efference copy of the movement signals sent to the extraocular muscles. Richard Gregory suggested that, with lack of peripheral information, eye movements which correct movements due to muscle fatigue are wrongly int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
