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List Of Ayyubid Rulers
The Ayyubid dynasty ruled many parts of the Middle East and North Africa in the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries. The following is a list of Ayyubid rulers by county/province. Sultans of Egypt ''See Rulers of Islamic Egypt.'' * Saladin, son of Ayyub, 1174–1193 * Al-Aziz Uthman, son of Saladin, 1193–1198 * Al-Mansur Nasir al-Din Muhammad, son of al-Aziz Uthman, 1198–1200 * Al-Adil Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr I (al-Adil I), brother of Saladin, 1200–1218 * Al-Kamil, son of al-Adil I, 1218–1238 * Al-Adil Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr II, son of al-Kamil, 1238–1240 * As-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Kamil, 1240–1249 * Al-Mu'azzam Turan-Shah, son of as-Salih Ayyub, 1249–1250 * Al-Ashraf Musa, presumed descendant of Saladin (nominal rule, under Mamluk sultan Aybak), 1250–1254. Displaced in Egypt by the Mamluk sultanate, ruled briefly by Shajar al-Durr, widow of as-Salih Ayyub, and then Aybak, 1254. Family Tree of the Ayyubid Sultans of Egypt Sultans and Emi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Az-Zahir Ghazi
Al-Malik az-Zahir Ghiyath ud-din Ghazi ibn Yusuf ibn Ayyub (commonly known as az-Zahir Ghazi; 1172 – 8 October 1216) was the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo between 1186 and 1216.Cawley, Charles (2007) "Rulers of Aleppo, Damascus, Hamah, Homs, Khelat (Ayubids)" ''Medieval Lands Project'' accessed 27 December 2008 He was the third son of and his lands included northern and a small part of |
Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir Of Damascus
Al-Ashraf or al-Ashraf Musa (died 27 August 1237), fully Al-Ashraf Musa Abu'l-Fath al-Muzaffar ad-Din, was a ruler of the Ayyubid dynasty. The son of Sultan al-Adil I, al-Ashraf was installed by his father in Harran in 1201 as Governor of the Jezireh. After his brother al-Mu'azzam's death in 1227, al-Ashraf received a request from his nephew, al-Muazzam's son, An-Nasir Dawud, for aid in opposing his brother al-Kamil of Egypt. Instead, al-Ashraf and al-Kamil came to an agreement to divide their nephew's lands between them. Al-Ashraf captured Damascus in June 1229 and took control of the city, serving as emir of Damascus until his death in 1237. He took Baalbek as well in 1230. In return, he ceded his lands in Mesopotamia to al-Kamil and acknowledged his supremacy, while an-Nasir had to be satisfied with the possession of a principality centered on Kerak in the Transjordan region. A number of years later, al-Ashraf began to chafe under his brother's authority, and in 1237 allied ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shajar Al-Durr
Shajar al-Durr ( ar, شجر الدر, lit=Tree of Pearls), also Shajarat al-Durr (), whose royal name was al-Malika ʿAṣmat ad-Dīn ʾUmm-Khalīl Shajar ad-Durr (; from her nickname , 'mother of Khalil'; died 28 April 1257), was a ruler of Egypt. She was the wife of As-Salih Ayyub, and later of Izz al-Din Aybak, the first sultan of the Mamluk Bahri dynasty. Prior to becoming Ayyub's wife, she was a child slave and Ayyub's concubine. In political affairs, Shajar al-Durr played a crucial role after the death of her first husband during the Seventh Crusade against Egypt (1249–1250 AD). She became the sultana of Egypt on 2 May 1250, marking the end of the Ayyubid reign and the start of the Mamluk era. There are several theories about the ethnic roots of Shajar al-Durr. Many Muslim historians believed that she was of either Bedouin, Circassian, Greek or Turkic origin and some believed that she was of Armenian origin. Title Several sources assert that Shajar al-Durr took t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Ain Jalut
The Battle of Ain Jalut (), also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Mongol Empire on 3 September 1260 (25 Ramadan 658 AH) in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley near what is known today as the Spring of Harod (). The battle marked the height of the extent of Mongol conquests, and was the first time a Mongol advance was permanently beaten back in direct combat on the battlefield. Continuing the westward expansion of the Mongol Empire, the armies of Hulagu Khan captured and sacked Baghdad in 1258, along with the Ayyubid capital of Damascus sometime later. Hulagu sent envoys to Cairo demanding Qutuz surrender Egypt, to which Qutuz responded by killing the envoys and displaying their heads on the Bab Zuweila gate of Cairo. Shortly after this, Möngke Khan was slain in battle against the Southern Song. Hulagu returned to Mongolia with the bulk of his army to attend the kurultai in accordance with Mongol customs, leaving approxim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mongol Invasions Of The Levant
Starting in the 1240s, the Mongols made repeated invasions of Syria or attempts thereof. Most failed, but they did have some success in 1260 and 1300, capturing Aleppo and Damascus and destroying the Ayyubid dynasty. The Mongols were forced to retreat within months each time by other forces in the area, primarily the Egyptian Mamluks. Since 1260, it had been described as the Mamluk–Ilkhanid War. First invasion During the governorship of Bachu in Persia, the Mongolian army under Yisaur attacked Syria in 1244. The reasons for the attack are unclear, but it may have been in retaliation for the Syrian participation on the Seljuk side in the Battle of Köse Dağ. In the autumn 1244, Yisaur concentrated the Mongol forces in the upper Tigris valley where they subjugated the Kurdish province of Akhlat. Moving across, the Mongolian army encountered no resistance and ravaged the area en route. The fortified cities were untaken in his advance because Yisaur was not prepared for siege assa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Aziz Muhammad
Al-Aziz Muhammad ibn Ghazi ( – 26 November 1236) was the Ayyubid Emir of Aleppo and the son of az-Zahir Ghazi and grandson of Saladin. His mother was Dayfa Khatun, the daughter of Saladin's brother al-Adil. Al-Aziz was aged just three when his father az-Zahir Ghazi died in 1216 at the age of forty-five. He immediately inherited his father's position as ruler of Aleppo. A regency council was formed, which appointed Shihab ad-Din Toghrul as his ''atabeg'' or guardian. Toghril was a ''mamluk'' of az-Zahir Ghazi and the effective ruler of Aleppo for the next fifteen years. Reign Al-Aziz did not take actual control of power until the age of seventeen, at which point he retained Toghril as his treasurer. In general, he avoided becoming drawn into the complex disputes between different members of the Ayyubid dynasty, and concentrated instead on strengthening the defenses and infrastructure of Aleppo. Among the construction works begun by az-Zahir Ghazi and completed by al-Aziz Muh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
An-Nasir Yusuf
An-Nasir Yusuf ( ar, الناصر يوسف; AD 1228–1260), fully al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn al-Aziz ibn al-Zahir ibn Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shazy (), was the Ayyubid Emir of Syria from his seat in Aleppo (1236–1260) and the Sultan of the Ayyubid Empire from 1250 until the sack of Aleppo by the Mongols in 1260. Background An-Nasir Yusuf was the great-grandson of Saladin. He became the Ayyubid ruler of Aleppo when he was seven-years-old after the death of his father Al-Aziz Muhammad. He was placed under a four-man regency council, consisting of the vizier Ibn al-Qifti, the emir Shams al-Din Lu'lu' al-Amini, the emir 'Izz al-Din 'Umar ibn Mujalli and Jamal al-Dawla Iqbal. The last was the representative of an-Nasir's grandmother, Dayfa Khatun, daughter of Al-Adil I, who was the effective ruler until her death in 1242. Thereafter until his death in 1251, Shams al-Din was an-Nasir's commander-in-chief and most influential advisor. His most loyal t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
As-Salih Ismail, Emir Of Damascus
Al-Malik al-Salih Imad al-Din Ismail bin Saif al-Din Ahmad better known as al-Salih Ismail ( ar, الصالح إسماعيل) was the Ayyubid sultan based in Damascus. He reigned twice, once in 1237 and then again from 1239 to 1245. In 1237, al-Salih Ismail's brother,Abulafia and McKitterick, p.612. Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Damascus, al-Ashraf, the ruler of Damascus died. Ismail succeeded him and two months later, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, al-Kamil, sent forces to besiege the city. Ismail had the suburbs of Damascus burned to prevent the Egyptian forces shelter. On al-Kamil's death his son al-Adil II occupied Damascus )), is an adjective which means "spacious". , motto = , image_flag = Flag of Damascus.svg , image_seal = Emblem of Damascus.svg , seal_type = Seal , map_caption = , ... after his brother al-Salih Ayyub, the ruler of Al Jazira, Mesopotamia, al-Jazira, revealed his intentions to succe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
An-Nasir Dawud
An-Nasir Dawud (1206–1261) was a Kurdish ruler, briefly (1227–1229) Ayyubid sultan of Damascus and later (1229–1248) Emir of Kerak. An-Nasir Dawud was the son of Al-Mu'azzam, the Ayyubid Sultan of Damascus from 1218 to 1227. On his father's death, An-Nasir succeeded, but soon faced opposition from his uncle, Al-Kamil of Egypt, who made war on him, conquering Jerusalem and Nablus. An-Nasir appealed for help to his other uncle, Al-Ashraf, ruler of Harran. Al-Ashraf, however, betrayed his nephew, coming to an agreement with Al-Kamil to divide An-Nasir's lands between them - Al-Ashraf would take Damascus and the north, while Al-Kamil took control of Palestine. An-Nasir, however, realizing the deception in time, retreated to his capital of Damascus, where he was besieged by the combined armies of his uncle late in 1228. The siege of Damascus continued until 25 June 1229, when it surrendered to Al-Ashraf, who became its ruler, acknowledging the overlordship of his older br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Mu'azzam Isa
() (1176 – 1227) was the Ayyubid emir of Damascus from 1218 to 1227. The son of Sultan al-Adil I and nephew of Saladin, founder of the dynasty, al-Mu'azzam was installed by his father as governor of Damascus in 1198 or 1200. After his father's death in 1218, al-Mu'azzam ruled the Ayyubid lands in Syria in his own name, down to his own death in 1227. He was succeeded by his son, an-Nasir Dawud. He was respected as a man of letters, and was interested in grammar and jurisprudence. By 1204, Jerusalem was his primary residence. Legacy He ordered and contributed to the construction and restoration of many buildings inside the (the Noble Sanctuary), Jerusalem: * Extending the terrace () of the Dome of the Rock by 18 meters westward. * Two water-distribution structures: as a donor, not as a patron (one who ordered them built): ** 1210 or 1211: the Cistern of al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā, a water tank. ** 1216 or 1217: the Shaʿlān Sebil, a sebil (fountain). * 1217 or 1218: restori ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Afdal Ibn Salah Ad-Din
Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din ( ar, الأفضل بن صلاح الدين, "most superior"; c. 1169 – 1225, generally known as Al-Afdal (), was one of seventeen sons of Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and thus of Kurdish descent. He succeeded his father as the second Ayyubid emir of Damascus. His career as a ruler was chequered and punctuated by repeated armed conflict with other prominent members of his family. He was eventually politically marginalised by his uncle, al-Adil, and given a number of less important towns to rule. He also converted to Shia Islam later on in his life as indicated by the poems that he wrote that were quoted by Al-Dhahabi where he said, "Abu Bakr committed oppression against Ali." Biography Early life Al-Afdal was one of the Ayyubid commanders at the Battle of Arsuf, when Saladin was defeated by Richard I of England and the forces of the Third Crusade. When Saladin died in 1193, al-Afdal inherited Damascus, but not the rest of his father's terri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Rulers Of Damascus
This is a list of rulers of Damascus from ancient times to the present. :''General context: History of Damascus''. Aram Damascus * Rezon I (c. 950 BC) *Tabrimmon *Ben-Hadad I (c. 885 BCE–c. 865 BC) *Hadadezer (c. 865 BC–c. 842 BC) *Hazael (c. 842 BC–c. 804 BC) *Ben-Hadad III (c. 796 BC) *Tab-El (c. 770 BC) *Rezon II (c. 740 BC–732 BC) Period of non-independence *to Assyria (732 BC–609 BC) **Ilu-Ittia (c. 8th century BC) *to Babylon (609 BC–539 BC) *to Persian Achaemenid Empire (539 BC–332 BC) *to Macedon (332 BC–323 BC) *to Antigonids (323 BC–301 BC) *to Ptolemaic Kingdom (301 BC–198 BC) *to Seleucids (198 BC–167 BC) *to Ituraea (167 BC–110 BC) (Semi independent from Seleucids) *to the Decapolis (110 BC–85 BC) (Semi independent from Seleucids) *to Nabataea (85 BC–64 BC) *to the Roman Republic/Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire (64 BC–635) **to the Ghassanids (529–584; ?–635) Rashidun period *Khalid ibn al-Walid (635–636) *Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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