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List Of Croatian Inventions And Discoveries
Croatian inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented or discovered, by people from Croatia. {, class="wikitable" style="width:6o%; text-align:left;" , - ! style="width:30%;", Invention/discovery ! style="width:20%;", Inventor/discoverer ! style="width:50%;", Notes , - , Pay-by-phone parking , ''Group of computer scientists'' , , - , Electric speedometer , Josip Belušić , , - , {{flatlist, * Boscovich atomic theory * Absence of atmosphere on the moon * Least absolute deviations * Vitrometer , Ruđer Bošković , , - , Genomic phylostratigraphy , Tomislav Domazet-Lošo , , - , Ethanol-chlorobenzene dosimetry , Igor Dvornik , , - , Azithromycin , Slobodan Đokić, Gorjana Radoboja-Lazarevski, Zrinka Tamburašev, Gabrijela Kobrehel , , - , * Stars and bars * Feller process * Feller's coin-tossing constants * Feller-continuous process , William Feller , , - , First tungsten filament for electric light bulbs , Fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ford Mondeo MK3 ST220 - Speedometer (light)
Ford commonly refers to: * Ford Motor Company, an automobile manufacturer founded by Henry Ford * Ford (crossing), a shallow crossing on a river Ford may also refer to: Ford Motor Company * Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company * Ford Foundation, established by Henry and Edsel * Ford Australia * Ford Brasil * Changan Ford * Ford Motor Company of Canada, Canadian subsidiary * Ford of Britain * Ford of Europe, the successor of British, German and Irish subsidiaries * Ford Germany * Ford Lio Ho * Ford New Zealand * Ford Motor Company Philippines * Ford Romania * Ford SAF, the French subsidiary between 1916 and 1954 * Ford Motor Company of South Africa * Fordson, the tractor and truck manufacturing arm of the Ford Motor Company * Ford Vietnam * Ford World Rally Team (aka Ford Motor Co. Team prior to 2005), Ford Motor Company's full factory World Rally Championship team (1978–2012) * Ford Performance * Henry Ford & Son Ltd, Ireland * List of Ford vehicles, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dosimetry
Radiation dosimetry in the fields of health physics and radiation protection is the measurement, calculation and assessment of the ionizing radiation dose absorbed by an object, usually the human body. This applies both internally, due to ingested or inhaled radioactive substances, or externally due to irradiation by sources of radiation. Internal dosimetry assessment relies on a variety of monitoring, bio-assay or radiation imaging techniques, whilst external dosimetry is based on measurements with a dosimeter, or inferred from measurements made by other radiological protection instruments. Dosimetry is used extensively for radiation protection and is routinely applied to monitor occupational radiation workers, where irradiation is expected, or where radiation is unexpected, such as in the aftermath of the Three Mile Island, Chernobyl or Fukushima radiological release incidents. The public dose take-up is measured and calculated from a variety of indicators such as ambient measure ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stirling Engine
A Stirling engine is a heat engine that is operated by the cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas (the ''working fluid'') between different temperatures, resulting in a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work. More specifically, the Stirling engine is a closed-cycle regenerative heat engine with a permanent gaseous working fluid. ''Closed-cycle'', in this context, means a thermodynamic system in which the working fluid is permanently contained within the system, and ''regenerative'' describes the use of a specific type of internal heat exchanger and thermal store, known as the ''regenerator''. Strictly speaking, the inclusion of the regenerator is what differentiates a Stirling engine from other closed-cycle hot air engines. In the Stirling engine, a gas is heated and expanded by energy supplied from outside the engine's interior space (cylinder). It is then shunted to a different location within the engine, where it is cooled and compressed. A piston (o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zvonimir Janko
Zvonimir Janko (26 July 1932 – 12 April 2022) was a Croatian mathematician who was the eponym of the Janko groups, sporadic simple groups in group theory. The first few sporadic simple groups were discovered by Émile Léonard Mathieu, which were then called the Mathieu groups. It was after 90 years of the discovery of the last Mathieu group that Zvonimir Janko constructed a new sporadic simple group in 1964. In his honour, this group is now called J1. This discovery launched the modern theory of sporadic groups and it was an important milestone in the classification of finite simple groups. Biography Janko was born in Bjelovar, Croatia. He studied at the University of Zagreb where he received Ph.D. in 1960, with advisor Vladimir Devidé. The title of the thesis was ''Dekompozicija nekih klasa nedegeneriranih Rédeiovih grupa na Schreierova proširenja'' (Decomposition of some classes of nondegenerate Rédei Groups on Schreier extensions), in which he solved a problem posed b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Janko Group
In the area of modern algebra known as group theory, the Janko groups are the four sporadic simple groups '' J1'', '' J2'', '' J3'' and '' J4'' introduced by Zvonimir Janko. Unlike the Mathieu groups, Conway groups, or Fischer groups, the Janko groups do not form a series, and the relation among the four groups is mainly historical rather than mathematical. History Janko constructed the first of these groups, ''J''1, in 1965 and predicted the existence of ''J''2 and ''J''3. In 1976, he suggested the existence of ''J''4. Later, ''J''2, ''J''3 and ''J''4 were all shown to exist. ''J''1 was the first sporadic simple group discovered in nearly a century: until then only the Mathieu groups were known, ''M''11 and ''M''12 having been found in 1861, and ''M''22, ''M''23 and ''M''24 in 1873. The discovery of ''J''1 caused a great "sensation" and "surprise"The group theorist Bertram Huppert said of ''J''1: "There were a very few things that surprised me in my life... There were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleksandar Just
Alexander Friedrich Just (12 April 1874, in Bremen – 30 May 1937, in Budapest) was an Austro-Hungarian chemist and inventor. Later, in Hungary he used the name Just Sándor Frigyes. In 1904 with Austro-Hungarian Franjo Hanaman he was the first to develop and patent an incandescent light bulb with a tungsten filament, made by extruding a paste of tungsten powder and a carbonaceous binder to produce a fine thread, then removing the carbon by heating in an atmosphere of hydrogen and water vapors. Just and Hanaman received a Hungarian patent in 1904, and later US Patent 1,018,502. In 1905, Just and Hanaman patented a process for producing tungsten filaments by plating carbon filaments with tungsten, then removing the carbon by heating. These early tungsten lamps were more efficient than a carbon filament lamp, because they could operate at a high temperature, due to the high melting point of tungsten. The tungsten was, however, so brittle that these lamps were of limited practical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franjo Hanaman
Franjo Hanaman (June 30, 1878 – January 23, 1941) was a Croatian inventor, engineer, and chemist, who gained world recognition for inventing the world's first applied electric light-bulb with a metal filament (tungsten) with his assistant Alexander Just, independently of his contemporaries. Franjo Hanaman was born in the village of Drenovci in Slavonia (at the time Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary) to a Croatian family as a second child of father Gjuro Hanaman and Emilija Mandušić. Just and Hanaman were granted the Hungarian Patent #34541 on December 13, 1904 in Budapest. His invention of tungsten filament was also applied in improving early diodes and triodes. He died in Zagreb (at the time Kingdom of Yugoslavia The Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Kraljevina Jugoslavija, Краљевина Југославија; sl, Kraljevina Jugoslavija) was a state in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941. From 1918 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incandescent Light Bulb
An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a glass bulb with a vacuum or inert gas to protect the filament from oxidation. Current is supplied to the filament by terminals or wires embedded in the glass. A bulb socket provides mechanical support and electrical connections. Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs, and work equally well on either alternating current or direct current. As a result, the incandescent bulb became widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising lighting. Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than other types of electric lighting, converting les ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Feller
William "Vilim" Feller (July 7, 1906 – January 14, 1970), born Vilibald Srećko Feller, was a Croatian-American mathematician specializing in probability theory. Early life and education Feller was born in Zagreb to Ida Oemichen-Perc, a Croatian-Austrian Catholic, and Eugen Viktor Feller, son of a Polish-Jewish father (David Feller) and an Austrian mother (Elsa Holzer). Eugen Feller was a famous chemist and created ''Elsa fluid'' named after his mother. According to Gian-Carlo Rota, Eugen Feller's surname was a "Slavic tongue twister", which William changed at the age of twenty. This claim appears to be false. His forename, Vilibald, was chosen by his Catholic mother for the saint day of his birthday. Work Feller held a docent position at the University of Kiel beginning in 1928. Because he refused to sign a Nazi oath, he fled the Nazis and went to Copenhagen, Denmark in 1933. He also lectured in Sweden (Stockholm and Lund). As a refugee in Sweden, Feller reported being tro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feller-continuous Process
In mathematics, a Feller-continuous process is a continuous-time stochastic process for which the expected value of suitable statistics of the process at a given time in the future depend continuously on the initial condition of the process. The concept is named after Croatian-American mathematician William Feller. Definition Let ''X'' : bounded, continuous and Σ-measurable function ''g'' : R''n'' → R, E''x'' 'g''(''X''''t'')depends continuously upon ''x''. Examples * Every process ''X'' whose paths are almost surely constant for all time is a Feller-continuous process, since then E''x'' 'g''(''X''''t'')is simply ''g''(''x''), which, by hypothesis, depends continuously upon ''x''. * Every Itô diffusion with Lipschitz-continuous drift and diffusion coefficients is a Feller-continuous process. See also * Continuous stochastic process In probability theory, a continuous stochastic process is a type of stochastic process that may be said to be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feller's Coin-tossing Constants
Feller's coin-tossing constants are a set of numerical constants which describe asymptotic probabilities that in ''n'' independent tosses of a fair coin, no run of ''k'' consecutive heads (or, equally, tails) appears. William Feller showed that if this probability is written as ''p''(''n'',''k'') then : \lim_ p(n,k) \alpha_k^=\beta_k where α''k'' is the smallest positive real root of :x^=2^(x-1) and :\beta_k=. Values of the constants For k=2 the constants are related to the golden ratio, \varphi, and Fibonacci numbers; the constants are \sqrt-1=2\varphi-2=2/\varphi and 1+1/\sqrt. The exact probability ''p''(n,2) can be calculated either by using Fibonacci numbers, ''p''(n,2) = \tfrac or by solving a direct recurrence relation leading to the same result. For higher values of k, the constants are related to generalizations of Fibonacci numbers In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers form a sequence defined recursively by: :F_n = \begin 0 & n = 0 \\ 1 & n = 1 \\ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feller Process
In probability theory relating to stochastic processes, a Feller process is a particular kind of Markov process. Definitions Let ''X'' be a locally compact Hausdorff space with a countable base. Let ''C''0(''X'') denote the space of all real-valued continuous functions on ''X'' that vanish at infinity, equipped with the sup-norm , , ''f'' , , . From analysis, we know that ''C''0(''X'') with the sup norm is a Banach space. A Feller semigroup on ''C''0(''X'') is a collection ''t'' ≥ 0 of positive linear maps from ''C''0(''X'') to itself such that * , , ''T''''t''''f'' , , ≤ , , ''f'' , , for all ''t'' ≥ 0 and ''f'' in ''C''0(''X''), i.e., it is a contraction (in the weak sense); * the semigroup property: ''T''''t'' + ''s'' = ''T''''t'' o''T''''s'' for all ''s'', ''t'' ≥ 0; * lim''t'' → 0, , ''T''''t''''f'' − ''f'' , , = 0 for every ''f'' in ''C''0('' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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