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Linggadjati Agreement
The Linggadjati Agreement (''Linggajati'' in modern Indonesian spelling) was a political accord concluded on 15 November 1946 by the Dutch administration and the unilaterally declared Republic of Indonesia in the village of Linggajati, Kuningan Regency, near Cirebon in which the Dutch recognised the republic as exercising ''de facto'' authority in Java, Madura, and Sumatra. Background In 1942, the Japanese occupied the Dutch East Indies. On 17 August 1945, two days after the Japanese surrender, Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno declared Indonesian independence. The Dutch viewed the Indonesian leadership as collaborators with the occupying Japanese and were determined to reassert their control over the nation by force. Fighting broke out, which developed into a full-scale war of independence between Dutch forces and Indonesian republicans. By mid-1946, both sides were under pressure to negotiate. In July 1946, Acting Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies Hubertus van M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Newsreel
A newsreel is a form of short documentary film, containing news, news stories and items of topical interest, that was prevalent between the 1910s and the mid 1970s. Typically presented in a Movie theater, cinema, newsreels were a source of current affairs, information, and entertainment for millions of moviegoers. Newsreels were typically exhibited preceding a feature film, but there were also dedicated News cinema, newsreel theaters in many major cities in the 1930s and ’40s, and some large city cinemas also included a smaller theaterette where newsreels were screened continuously throughout the day. By the end of the 1960s News broadcasting, television news broadcasts had supplanted the format. Newsreels are considered significant historical documents, since they are often the only audiovisual record of certain cultural events. History Silent news films were shown in cinemas from the late 19th century. In 1909 Pathé started producing weekly newsreels in Europe. Pat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Malino Conference
The Malino Conference was organised by the Dutch in the Sulawesi town of Malino from 16 to 25 July 1946 as part of their attempt to arrange a federal solution for Indonesia. From the end of World War II, Indonesian Republicans had been trying to secure Indonesian Independence from the Dutch colonial control. The Dutch summoned 39 Indonesians who represented the (''rajas''), Christians, and other ethnic groups from Kalimantan and East Indonesia and who were in favor of maintaining some sort of link with the Netherlands. The extent of Indonesian support for true autonomy, however, was not something the Dutch had anticipated. Plans for two states—one for East Indonesia and one for Kalimantan—came out of the summit. Background Following the 17 August 1945 declaration of independence, the Indonesian War of Independence broke out between the Indonesians and the Dutch, who were tying to regain control over their colony. Following the surrender of Japan and the end of the Jap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Indonesian Christian Party
The Indonesian Christian Party (), better known as Parkindo, was a Christian politics, Christian political party active in Indonesia from 1950 until 1973, when it was merged to make the Indonesian Democratic Party. Founded by Johannes Leimena and Melanchton Siregar, the former Military Governor of North Sumatra, who was known as a local teacher in Tarutung. Its support was concentrated in Protestant areas of Indonesia. It had considerable influence despite the small number of Christians in Indonesia due to the large numbers of Christians in the civil service, the Indonesian Army, army and educational establishments and because of the high profile of party leader Johannes Leimena who served in several cabinet of Indonesia, Indonesian cabinets and as deputy prime minister.Feith (2007) p. 145 In the 1955 Indonesian legislative election, the party won 2.6% of the vote and eight seats in the People's Representative Council.Feith (2007) p. 434 However, in the 1971 Indonesian legislative ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Johannes Leimena
Johannes Leimena (Often abbreviated as J. Leimana; 6 March 1905 – 29 March 1977), more colloquially referred to as Om Jo, was an Indonesian politician, physician, and National Hero of Indonesia, national hero. He was one of the List of longest-serving ministers in Indonesia, longest-serving government ministers in Indonesia, and was the longest-serving under President of Indonesia, President Sukarno. He filled the roles of Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia, Deputy Prime Minister and Ministry of Health (Indonesia), Minister of Health. An Ambonese people, Ambonese Christians, Christian, he served in the People's Representative Council and the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia, Constitutional Assembly during the 1950s, and was the chairman of the Indonesian Christian Party from 1951 until 1960. Leimena was born in Ambon, Maluku, but he grew up in Cimahi and later Batavia, Dutch East Indies, Batavia (today Jakarta). He became involved in Indonesian nationalist movements through ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Amir Sjarifuddin
Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap ( EVO: Amir Sjarifoeddin Harahap; 27 April 1907 – 19 December 1948) was an Indonesian politician and journalist who served as the second prime minister of Indonesia from 1947 until 1948. A major leader of the left wing during the Indonesian National Revolution, he previously served as Minister of Information from 1945 until 1946 and Minister of Defense from 1945 until 1948. Amir was born into the Sumatran aristocracy and was educated at Leiden University. At Leiden, he became a member of the board of the Gymnasium student association in Haarlem and was involved in the Batak student organization '' Jong Batak''. He returned to Indonesia due to family troubles but continued his education at the '' Rechts Hogeschool'' in Batavia. After graduating, he became active in literary and journalist circles, joining the editorial board of the newspaper ''Panorama''. He also became involved with left-wing politics and led a group of younger Marxists in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Sutan Sjahrir
Sutan Sjahrir (5 March 1909 – 9 April 1966) was an Indonesian statesman and independence leader who served as the first Prime Minister of Indonesia, prime minister of Indonesia from 1945 until 1947. He played a key role during the Indonesian National Revolution and was active in the Indonesian nationalism, nationalist movement during the 1930s. Sjahrir is remembered as an idealist and intellectual. Born to a Minangkabau family, he studied at the University of Amsterdam and later became a law student at Leiden University. He became involved in Socialist politics, and Indonesia's struggle for independence, becoming a close associate of the older independence activist Mohammad Hatta, who would later become the first Vice President of Indonesia. During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Sjahrir fought in the resistance. Towards independence on 17 August 1945, he was involved in the Rengasdengklok Incident and the Proclamat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Catholic People's Party
The Catholic People's Party (, KVP) was a Roman Catholicism in the Netherlands, Catholic Christian democracy, Christian democratic list of political parties in the Netherlands, political party in the Netherlands. The party was founded in 1945 as a continuation of the interwar Roman Catholic State Party, which was in turn a successor of the General League of Roman Catholic Electoral Associations. The party was in government throughout its existence. In 1977, a federation of parties including the Catholic People's Party, the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and the Christian Historical Union (CHU) ran together under the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) banner. The three participating parties formally dissolved to form the CDA in 1980. History 1945–1965 The KVP was founded on 22 December 1945. It was a continuation of the pre-war Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP). Unlike the RKSP, the KVP was open to people of all denominations, but mainly Catholics supported the party. The party ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Schermerhorn–Drees Cabinet
The Schermerhorn–Drees cabinet was the cabinet of the Netherlands from 25 June 1945 until 3 July 1946. The cabinet was primarily formed by the Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP), the Social Democratic Workers' Party (Netherlands), Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) and the Christian Democratic Union (Netherlands), Christian Democratic Union (CDU) following Netherlands in World War II, the end of World War II. The cabinet was a Provisional government, provisional centre-left grand coalition and had a substantial Majority government, majority in the House of Representatives (Netherlands), House of Representatives, with prominent civil engineer Willem Schermerhorn serving as Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Prime Minister. SDAP leader Willem Drees served as Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Deputy Prime Minister and List of Ministers of Social Affairs of the Netherlands, Minister of Social Affairs. This, the first Dutch cabinet after World War II, was appointed by Wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Kwee Family Of Ciledug
The Kwee family of Ciledug was an influential bureaucratic and business dynasty of the 'Cabang Atas' or the Chinese gentry of the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). From the mid-nineteenth until the mid-twentieth century, they featured prominently in the colonial bureaucracy of Java as Chinese Officer, Chinese officers, and played an important role in the sugar industry. Like many in the Cabang Atas, they were pioneering, early adopters of European education and modernity in colonial Indonesia. During the Indonesian Revolution, they also hosted most of the negotiations leading to the Linggadjati Agreement of 1946. Origin and rise The family is descended from Kwee Giok San, a Chinese migrant who left his native Fujian in the 1820s for Nanyang (region), Nanyang – the 'South Sea' – before finally settling down around the 1840s in Cirebon Regency, Ciledug, a small town in the Cirebon, Residency of Cirebon on the border of West Java and Central Java. By the mid-nineteenth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising all resources in pursuit of total war. Tanks in World War II, Tanks and Air warfare of World War II, aircraft played major roles, enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflict in history, causing World War II casualties, the death of 70 to 85 million people, more than half of whom were civilians. Millions died in genocides, including the Holocaust, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Allied-occupied Germany, Germany, Allied-occupied Austria, Austria, Occupation of Japan, Japan, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Willem Schermerhorn
Willem "Wim" Schermerhorn (; 17 December 1894 – 10 March 1977) was a Dutch politician who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 25 June 1945 until 3 July 1946. He was a member of the Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB) and later co-founder of the Labour Party (PvdA). According to Harry W. Laidler, the government under Schermerhorn's premiership "achieved important results in the fields of labor, finance, housing, old age pensions, and the social services". Early life Willem Schermerhorn was born on 17 December 1894 in Akersloot in the Dutch province of North Holland. He grew up in a Protestant family of farmers. He became professor of land surveying and geodesy at the Delft University of Technology on 7 September 1926. He was a leader in photogrammetry and founder of the International Training Centre for Aerial Survey. The International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing has offers an award in memory of Schermerhorn. Schermerhorn remained professor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Prime Minister Of The Netherlands
The prime minister of the Netherlands () or, before 1945, the chairman of the Council of Ministers () is the ''de facto'' head of government of the Netherlands.''Grondwet voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden'' onstitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands article 45 section 2. Although the monarch is the ''de jure'' head of government, in practice the prime minister occupies this role as chair of the Council of Ministers, coordinating its policy with the rest of the cabinet. In his role as the ''de facto'' head of government, the prime minister also represents the Netherlands in the European Council. Forty-three incumbents have served in the position. The current prime minister since 2 July 2024 is Dick Schoof. History Gradually the prime minister became an official function of government leader, taken by the political leader of the largest party. Since 1848, the role of the first minister is relevant. In that year the Constitution of the Netherlands was amended to make m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
