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Leprocaulaceae
Leprocaulaceae is a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi. It is the single family in the monotypic order Leprocaulales. Leprocaulaceae contains three genera and about 33 species. Taxonomy Both the family and the order were circumscribed by American lichenologists James Lendemer and Brendan Hodkinson in 2013. They studied sterile, crustose lichens previously classified in the genus ''Lepraria'' using molecular phylogenetic techniques. They redefined the genus '' Leprocaulon'' to include several crustose lichens that were previously placed in ''Lepraria'', and defined the new family and order to contain this genetically distinct grouping of species, including the genus ''Halecania''. ''Speerschneidera'' was included based on the results of a study published a year later. The authors suggested that Leprocaulales is sister to the Caliciales, although in a later phylogenetic study using a temporal approach, it appeared to be more closely related to the Teloschistales. Description Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leprocaulon Knudsenii
''Leprocaulon'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Leprocaulaceae. Members of the genus ''Leprocaulon'' are commonly called mealy lichens. Species *'' Leprocaulon adhaerens'' *'' Leprocaulon americanum'' *'' Leprocaulon beechingii'' – eastern North America *'' Leprocaulon calcicola'' – Great Britain *'' Leprocaulon coriense'' *'' Leprocaulon knudsenii'' – mountain ranges of central and southern California California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ..., USA *'' Leprocaulon nicholsiae'' *'' Leprocaulon santamonicae'' *'' Leprocaulon terricola'' *'' Leprocaulon textum'' References Lecanoromycetes Lecanoromycetes genera Lichen genera Taxa named by William Nylander (botanist) Taxa described in 1879 {{Lecanoromycetes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leprocaulon
''Leprocaulon'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Leprocaulaceae. Members of the genus ''Leprocaulon'' are commonly called mealy lichens. Species *'' Leprocaulon adhaerens'' *'' Leprocaulon americanum'' *'' Leprocaulon beechingii'' – eastern North America *'' Leprocaulon calcicola'' – Great Britain *'' Leprocaulon coriense'' *''Leprocaulon knudsenii'' – mountain ranges of central and southern California California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ..., USA *'' Leprocaulon nicholsiae'' *'' Leprocaulon santamonicae'' *'' Leprocaulon terricola'' *'' Leprocaulon textum'' References Lecanoromycetes Lecanoromycetes genera Lichen genera Taxa named by William Nylander (botanist) Taxa described in 1879 {{Lecanoromycetes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halecania
''Halecania'' is a genus of fungi in the family Leprocaulaceae. It has 22 species. The genus was circumscribed by Austrian lichenologist Michaela Mayrhofer in 1987, with ''Halecania alpivaga'' assigned as the type species. She created ''Halecania'' to contain species, formerly placed in ''Lecania'', with the following characteristics: uniformly amyloid apical domes, paraphyses with dark brown apical caps, and halonate ascospores (i.e., surrounded by a transparent coat). Species *''Halecania alpivaga'' *'' Halecania athallina'' – Alaska *'' Halecania australis'' *'' Halecania bryophila'' *'' Halecania elaeiza'' *'' Halecania etayoana'' *''Halecania fuscopannariae'' *'' Halecania giraltiae'' *'' Halecania laevis'' *'' Halecania lecanorina'' *''Halecania lobulata'' *''Halecania micacea'' *''Halecania pakistanica'' *''Halecania panamensis'' – Panama *''Halecania pannarica'' *''Halecania parasitica'' *''Halecania pepegospora'' *''Halecania ralfsii'' *''Halecania ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Speerschneidera
''Speerschneidera'' is a single-species genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Leprocaulaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon in 1861, with ''Speerschneidera euploca'' as the type species. This lichen was originally described by Edward Tuckerman in 1858 as ''Physcia euploca''. It is a crustose lichen found in the southern United States and Mexico. The genus name of ''Speerschneidera'' is in honour of (1825–1903), who was a German doctor, teacher and naturalist. He worked as a curator of Frederick Charles, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt's natural history collection which later became the Natural History Museum in Rudolstadt Rudolstadt is a town in the German federal state Thuringia, with the Thuringian Forest to the southwest, and to Jena and Weimar to the north. The former capital of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, the town is built along the River Saale inside a wide va .... References Lecanoromyce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lepraria
''Lepraria'' is a genus of leprose crustose lichens that grows on its substrate like patches of granular, caked up, mealy dust grains.A taxonomic revision of the North American species of Lepraria s.l. that produce divaricatic acid, with notes on the type species of the genus L. incana, James C. Lendemer , Mycologia 103(6): 1216-1229/ref> Members of the genus are List of lichen common names and their genera, commonly called dust lichens.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, The main vegetative body (thallus) is made of patches of soredia (little balls of algae wrapped in fungus). There are no known mechanisms for sexual reproduction, yet members of the genus continue to speciate. Some species can form marginal lobes and appear squamulose. Because of the morphological simplicity of the thallus and the absence of sexual structures, the composition of lichen products (i.e., secondary metabolites made by lichens) are important character ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Usnic Acid
Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933-1937 by Curd and Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including ''Usnea'', '' Cladonia'', ''Hypotrachyna'', ''Lecanora'', ''Ramalina'', '' Evernia'', ''Parmelia'' and '' Alectoria''. Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes. At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is known to occur in nature in both the d- and l-forms as well as a racemic mixture. Salts of usnic acid are called usnates (e.g. copper usnate). Biological role in lichens Usnic acid is a secondary metabolite in lichens whose role has not been completely elucidated. It is believed that usnic acid prote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secondary Metabolism
Secondary metabolism (also called specialized metabolism) is a term for pathways and small molecule products of metabolism that are involved in ecological interactions, but are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism. These molecules are sometimes produced by specialized cells, such as laticifers in plants. Secondary metabolites commonly mediate antagonistic interactions, such as competition and predation, as well as mutualistic ones such as pollination and resource mutualisms. Examples of secondary metabolites include antibiotics, pigments and scents. The opposite of secondary metabolites are primary metabolites, which are considered to be essential to the normal growth or development of an organism. Secondary metabolites are produced by many microbes, plants, fungi and animals, usually living in crowded habitats, where chemical defense represents a better option than physical escape. It is very hard to distinguish primary and secondary metabolites due to often ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argopsin
Argopsin, also known as 1-chloropannarin, is a secondary metabolite produced by many lichen species, such as ''Biatora cuprea'' and ''Micarea lignaria''. Argopsin was first isolated from the lichen ''Argopsis friesiana''. The chemical composition of argopsin is 2,7-Dichloro-3-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1,6,9-trimethyl-11-oxo-11H-dibenzo ,e1,4]dioxepin-4-carbaldehyde. Uses Argopsin can have photohemolytic effect when activated under Ultraviolet, ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 366 nm. Argopsin has been shown to have ''in vitro'' effect on ''Leishmania ''Leishmania'' is a parasitic protozoan, a single-celled organism of the genus '' Leishmania'' that are responsible for the disease leishmaniasis. They are spread by sandflies of the genus ''Phlebotomus'' in the Old World, and of the genus '' ...'' at a concentration of 50 µg/ml. References {{Reflist Secondary metabolites Lichen products Chloroarenes Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings Lactones Cyclic ethers Metho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ascospore
An ascus (; ) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or species can occur in numbers of one (e.g. ''Monosporascus cannonballus''), two, four, or multiples of four. In a few cases, the ascospores can bud off conidia that may fill the asci (e.g. ''Tympanis'') with hundreds of conidia, or the ascospores may fragment, e.g. some ''Cordyceps'', also filling the asci with smaller cells. Ascospores are nonmotile, usually single celled, but not infrequently may be coenocytic (lacking a septum), and in some cases coenocytic in multiple planes. Mitotic divisions within the developing spores populate each resulting cell in septate ascospores with nuclei. The term ocular chamber, or oculus, refers to the epiplasm (the portion of cytoplasm not used in ascospore formation) that is surrounded by the "bourrelet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apothecia
An ascocarp, or ascoma (), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped (apothecia) but may take on a spherical or flask-like form that has a pore opening to release spores (perithecia) or no opening (cleistothecia). Classification The ascocarp is classified according to its placement (in ways not fundamental to the basic taxonomy). It is called ''epigeous'' if it grows above ground, as with the morels, while underground ascocarps, such as truffles, are termed ''hypogeous''. The structure enclosing the hymenium is divided into the types described below (apothecium, cleistothecium, etc.) and this character ''is'' important for the taxonomic classification of the fungus. Apothecia can be relatively large and fleshy, whereas the others are microscopic—about the size of flecks of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyaline
A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from el, ὑάλινος, translit=hyálinos, lit=transparent, and el, ὕαλος, translit=hýalos, lit=crystal, glass, label=none. Histopathology Hyaline cartilage is named after its glassy appearance on fresh gross pathology. On light microscopy of H&E stained slides, the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage looks homogeneously pink, and the term "hyaline" is used to describe similarly homogeneously pink material besides the cartilage. Hyaline material is usually acellular and proteinaceous. For example, arterial hyaline is seen in aging, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and in association with some drugs (e.g. calcineurin inhibitors). It is bright pink with PAS staining. Ichthyology and entomology In ichthyology and entomology, ''hyaline'' denotes a colorless, transparent substance, such as unpigmented fins of fishes or clear insect wings. Resh, Vincent H. and R. T. Cardé, Eds. Encyclo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
