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Lemon Test
''Lemon v. Kurtzman'', 403 U.S. 602 (1971), was a case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States.. The court ruled in an 8–0 decision that Pennsylvania's Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Education Act (represented through David Kurtzman) from 1968 was unconstitutional and in an 8–1 decision that Rhode Island's 1969 Salary Supplement Act was unconstitutional, violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The act allowed the Superintendent of Public Schools to reimburse private schools (mostly Catholic) for the salaries of teachers who taught in these private elementary schools from public textbooks and with public instructional materials. ''Lemon'' was a major precedent in federal and local courts until it was effectively overturned by ''Kennedy v. Bremerton School District'' in 2022. Lemon test The Court's decision in this case established the "''Lemon'' test" (named after the lead plaintiff Alton Lemon), which details legislation concerning religion. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alton J
Alton may refer to: People *Alton (given name) *Alton (surname) Places Australia *Alton National Park, Queensland *Alton, Queensland, a town in the Shire of Balonne Canada * Alton, Ontario * Alton, Nova Scotia New Zealand *Alton, New Zealand, in Taranaki United Kingdom *Alton, Derbyshire, England *Alton, Hampshire, England **Alton Abbey **Alton College *Alton, Leicestershire, England *Alton, Staffordshire, England **Alton Castle, presently a Catholic youth retreat centre **Alton Towers, theme park, formerly a country estate Alton Mansion *Alton, Wiltshire, England *Alton Estate, Roehampton, Greater London, England *Alton Water, a manmade reservoir in Suffolk United States *Alton, Alabama, an unincorporated community *Alton, California, an unincorporated community *Alton, Florida, an unincorporated community *Alton, Illinois, a city *Alton, Indiana, a town *Alton, Iowa, a city *Alton, Kansas, a city *Alton, Kentucky, an unincorporated community *Alton, Maine, a town *Alton Tow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wallace V
Wallace may refer to: People * Clan Wallace in Scotland * Wallace (given name) * Wallace (surname) * Wallace (footballer, born 1986), full name Wallace Fernando Pereira, Brazilian football left-back * Wallace (footballer, born 1987), full name Wallace Reis da Silva, Brazilian football centre-back * Wallace (footballer, born May 1994), full name Wallace Oliveira dos Santos, Brazilian football full-back * Wallace (footballer, born October 1994), full name Wallace Fortuna dos Santos, Brazilian football centre-back * Wallace (footballer, born 1998), full name Wallace Menezes dos Santos, Brazilian football midfielder Fictional characters * Wallace, from ''Wallace and Gromit ''Wallace & Gromit'' is a British stop-motion comedy franchise created by Nick Park of Aardman Animations. The series consists of four short films and one feature-length film, and has spawned numerous spin-offs and TV adaptations. The series c ...'' * Wallace (Pokémon), Wallace (''Pokémon'') * Wallace (Sin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intelligent Design
Intelligent design (ID) is a pseudoscientific argument for the existence of God, presented by its proponents as "an evidence-based scientific theory about life's origins". Numbers 2006, p. 373; " Dcaptured headlines for its bold attempt to rewrite the basic rules of science and its claim to have found indisputable evidence of a God-like being. Proponents, however, insisted it was 'not a religious-based idea, but instead an evidence-based scientific theory about life's origins – one that challenges strictly materialistic views of evolution.' Although the intellectual roots of the design argument go back centuries, its contemporary incarnation dates from the 1980s" Article available froUniversiteit Gent/ref> Proponents claim that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection." * * ID is a form of creationism that lacks empirical support and offers no testable or tenable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kitzmiller V , a town in the United States
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Kitzmiller may refer to: People * John Kitzmiller (1913–1965), African-American actor * Johnny Kitzmiller (1904–1986), American football player and member of the College Football Hall of Fame * Karen B. Kitzmiller (1947-2002), American politician * Warren Kitzmiller (1943-2022), American politician See also * ''Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District'', 2005 United States court case * Kitzmiller, Maryland Kitzmiller is a town in Garrett County, Maryland, Garrett County, Maryland, United States. The population was 321 at the 2010 census. GeographyKit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Santa Fe Independent School Dist
Santa Claus, also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Kris Kringle, or simply Santa, is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring children gifts during the late evening and overnight hours on Christmas Eve of toys and candy or coal or nothing, depending on whether they are "naughty or nice". In the legend, he accomplishes this with the aid of Christmas elves, who make the toys in his workshop, often said to be at the North Pole, and flying reindeer who pull his sleigh through the air. The modern figure of Santa is based on folklore traditions surrounding Saint Nicholas, the English figure of Father Christmas and the Dutch figure of ''Sinterklaas''. Santa is generally depicted as a portly, jolly, white-bearded man, often with spectacles, wearing a red coat with white fur collar and cuffs, white-fur-cuffed red trousers, red hat with white fur, and black leather belt and boots, carrying a bag full of gifts for childr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lamb's Chapel V
Lamb's Navy Rum is a sugar-cane based Caribbean rum popular in the UK and Canada. In 1849, 22-year-old Londoner Alfred Lamb, son of wine and spirits merchant William Lamb, blended 18 different rums from Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad to produce Lamb's Navy Rum. His company took the name Alfred Lamb & Son. The use of the term "navy rum" dates back to the Royal Navy issuing a daily ration of rum to its sailors. It had previously given its sailors French brandy, but the 1655 conquest of Jamaica gave it access to rum, which it quickly exploited. Lamb's was never an official supplier to the Royal Navy. The 1970 decision of the British Royal Navy to end issuing a daily rum rations to its sailors inspired the brand that year to adopt the advertising campaign, "Join the Lamb’s Navy." Alfred Lamb & Son was bombed out of its London premises on Great Tower Street in World War II. Its competitor, White Keeling Rum Merchants, was bombed out of its premises, too. Portal, Dingwa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antonin Scalia
Antonin Gregory Scalia (; March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016) was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2016. He was described as the intellectual anchor for the originalist and textualist position in the U.S. Supreme Court's conservative wing. For catalyzing an originalist and textualist movement in American law, he has been described as one of the most influential jurists of the twentieth century, and one of the most important justices in the history of the Supreme Court. Scalia was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2018 by President Donald Trump, and the Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University was named in his honor. Scalia was born in Trenton, New Jersey. A devout Catholic, he attended Xavier High School before receiving his undergraduate degree from Georgetown University. Scalia went on to graduate from Harvard Law School and spent six ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clarence Thomas
Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President George H. W. Bush to succeed Thurgood Marshall and has served since 1991. After Marshall, Thomas is the second African American to serve on the Court and its longest-serving member since Anthony Kennedy's retirement in 2018. Thomas was born in Pin Point, Georgia. After his father abandoned the family, he was raised by his grandfather in a poor Gullah community near Savannah. Growing up as a devout Catholic, Thomas originally intended to be a priest in the Catholic Church but was frustrated over the church's insufficient attempts to combat racism. He abandoned his aspiration of becoming a clergyman to attend the College of the Holy Cross and, later, Yale Law School, where he was influenced by a number of conservative authors, notably Thomas Sowell, who dramatically shifted his worldview from progressive to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agostini V
Agostini is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Angelo Agostini Mazzinghi, Blessed (1385-1438), Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Carmelite order *Agostino Agostini (died 1569), Italian singer, composer and priest of Ferrara mostly active in the 1540s *Paolo Agostini (1583-1629), Italian composer and organist of the early Baroque era *Lodovico Agostini (1534–1590), Italian composer *Leonardo Agostini (1593–1669), Italian antiquary *Stefano Agostini (cardinal) (1614–1683), Italian Roman Catholic cardinal *Domenico Agostini (1825—1891), Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal and Patriarch of Venice * Zefirino Agostini, Blessed (1813-1896), Italian Roman Catholic priest * Angelo Agostini (1843–1910), Italian-Brazilian journalist and cartoonist * Angela Agostini (1880-?), Italian botanist and mycologist *Carlo Agostini (1888–1952), Italian Roman Catholic Patriarch of Venice *Agostini Lanfranchi (1892-1963), Italian bobsledder * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Amendment Center
The First Amendment Center supports the First Amendment and builds understanding of its core freedoms through education, information and entertainment. The center serves as a forum for the study and exploration of free-expression issues, including freedom of speech, of the press and of religion, and the rights to assemble and to petition the government. Founded by John Seigenthaler, the First Amendment Center is an operating program of the Freedom Forum and is associated with the Newseum and the Diversity Institute. The center has offices in the John Seigenthaler Center at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, and at the Newseum in Washington, D.C. The center's programs, including the Religious Freedom Education Project at the Newseum, provide education and information to the public and groups including First Amendment scholars and experts, educators, government policy makers, legal experts and students. The center is nonpartisan and does not lobby, litigate or provide l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)
Lincoln University (LU) is a public state-related historically black university (HBCU) near Oxford, Pennsylvania. Founded as the private Ashmun Institute in 1854, it has been a public institution since 1972 and was the United States' first degree-granting HBCU. Its main campus is located on 422 acres near the town of Oxford in southern Chester County, Pennsylvania. The university has a second location in the University City area of Philadelphia. Lincoln University provides undergraduate and graduate coursework to approximately 2,000 students. It is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund. While a majority of its students are African Americans, the university has a long history of accepting students of other races and nationalities. Women have received degrees since 1953, and made up 66% of undergraduate enrollment in 2019. History In 1854, John Miller Dickey, a Presbyterian minister, and his wife, Sarah Emlen Cresson, a Quaker, founded Ashmun Institute, later na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
McCreary County V
McCreary is a surname. It is derived from the Irish and Scottish Gaelic surnames '' Mac Ruidhrí'' and '' Mac Ruaidhrí''. Hanks; Coates; McClure (2016) p. 1755. People with the surname *Aaron McCreary, American college baseball coach *Bear McCreary (born 1979), American composer and musician * Bill McCreary (other), a number of people involved in ice hockey *Conn McCreary (1921–1979), American Hall of Fame jockey and trainer in Thoroughbred horse racing *Ethel McCreary, Canadian All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player * George Deardorff McCreary (1846–1915), U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania * James B. McCreary (1838–1918), Governor of Kentucky, U.S. Representative and Senator *Jay McCreary (1918–1995), American basketball player and coach *Foley (musician), stage name of Joseph McCreary, Jr. *John McCreary (1761–1833), U.S. Representative from South Carolina *Keith McCreary (1940–2003), National Hockey League player *Loaird McCreary (born 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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