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Leaf Rust (barley)
Leaf rust is a fungal disease of barley caused by ''Puccinia hordei''. It is also known as brown rust and it is the most important rust disease on barley. Symptoms Pustules of leaf rust are small and circular, producing a mass of orange-brown powdery spores. They appear on the leaf sheaths and predominantly on the upper leaf surfaces. Heavily infected leaves die prematurely. Disease cycle Crop losses Leaf rust of barley is considered a relatively minor disease in the United States. However, sporadic outbreaks have occurred in the southeastern and Midwestern regions of the country. Pathotypes and host resistance Most of the barley cultivars grown in the United States are susceptible to ''Puccinia hordei''. Nineteen seedling resistance genes (i.e. ''Rph''1 to ''Rph''19) have been identified, but only three (''Rph''3, 7 and 9) have been deployed in commercial cutlivars worldwide. In the United States, the ''Rph''7 gene effectively controlled the disease for over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barley
Barley (''Hordeum vulgare''), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Globally 70% of barley production is used as animal fodder, while 30% as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation. In 2017, barley was ranked fourth among grains in quantity produced () behind maize, rice and wheat. Etymology The Old English word for barley was ', which traces back to Proto-Indo-European and is cognate to the Latin word ' "flour" (''see corresponding entries''). The direct ancestor of modern English ''barley'' in Old English was the derived adjective ''bærlic'', meaning "of barley". The first citation of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puccinia Hordei
''Puccinia hordei'' is a species of rust fungus Rusts are plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi of the order Pucciniales (previously known as Uredinales). An estimated 168 rust genera and approximately 7,000 species, more than half of which belong to the genus ''Puccinia'', are currently .... A plant pathogen, it can cause leaf rust of barley, also known as brown rust of barley. At the time of Johnston ''et al.'', 2013's discovery of severe susceptibility in Golden Promise, this was considered to be the most susceptible variety in the world. Soon thereafter however, Yeo ''et al.'', 2014 found SusPtrit was slightly worse. These results alter the meaning of such a basic term as "fully susceptible" to brown rust. See also * List of ''Puccinia'' species References Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Barley diseases Leaf diseases hordei Fungi described in 1871 {{fungus-plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pustule
A skin condition, also known as cutaneous condition, is any medical condition that affects the integumentary system—the organ system that encloses the body and includes skin, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment. Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as dermatoses, as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances, melanonychia and racquet nails). While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician, thousands of skin conditions have been described. Classification of these conditions often presents many nosological challenges, since underlying causes and pathogenetics are often not known. Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example, conditions of the mucous membrane), morphology ( chronic blistering conditions), cause (skin conditions result ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa. Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle, but are resistant structures used for survival under unfavourable conditions. Myxozoan spores release amoeboid infectious germs ("amoebulae") into their hosts for parasitic infection, but also reproduce within the hosts through the pairing of two nuclei within the plasmodium, which develops from the amoebula. In plants, spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte. Under favourable conditions the spore can develop into a new organism using mitotic division, producing a multicellular gametophyte, which eventually goes on to produce gametes. Two gametes fuse to form a zygote which develops into a new s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cultivar
A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, or carefully controlled seed production. Most cultivars arise from purposeful human manipulation, but some originate from wild plants that have distinctive characteristics. Cultivar names are chosen according to rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), and not all cultivated plants qualify as cultivars. Horticulturists generally believe the word ''cultivar''''Cultivar'' () has two meanings, as explained in ''Formal definition'': it is a classification category and a taxonomic unit within the category. When referring to a taxon, the word does not apply to an individual plant but to all plants that share the unique characteristics that define the cultivar. was coined as a term meaning "cultivated variety ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacterial Blight (barley)
Bacterial blight is a disease of barley caused by the bacterial pathogen ''Xanthomonas campestris'' pv. ''translucens'' (syn. ''X. translucens''). It has been known as a disease since the late 19th century. It has a worldwide distribution. Symptoms The disease is characterized by small, pale green spots or streaks which soon appear water-soaked. The lesions expand and then appear as dry dead spots. The lesions elongate into linear streaks which may eventually extend the full length of the leaf. Lesions rarely occur on the leaf sheath or culm (botany), culm. In severe infections, a milky gray exudate may be squeezed from the cut end of leaf exhibiting symptoms. Brown spots on the margin of the cotyledon characterized plants Disease cycle This disease is caused by a common bacterium that persists in soil and water and is spread by wind-driven rains. The bacteria overwinters on crop residue, seed, fall-sown cereals, and Perennial plant, perennial grasses. Spring infectio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemileia Vastatrix
''Hemileia vastatrix'' is a multicellular basidiomycete fungus of the order Pucciniales (previously also known as Uredinales) that causes coffee leaf rust (CLR), a disease affecting the coffee plant. Coffee serves as the obligate host of coffee rust, that is, the rust must have access to and come into physical contact with coffee (''Coffea sp.'') in order to survive. CLR is one of the most economically important diseases of coffee, worldwide. Previous epidemics have destroyed coffee production of entire countries. In more recent history, an epidemic in Central America in 2012 reduced the region's coffee output by 16%. The primary pathological mechanism of the fungus is a reduction in the plant's ability to derive energy through photosynthesis by covering the leafs with fungus spores and/or causing leaves to drop from the plant. The reduction in photosynthetic ability (plant's metabolism) results in a reduction in quantity and quality of flower and fruit production, which ult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungal Plant Pathogens And Diseases
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''true f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barley Diseases ...
This article is a list of diseases of barley (''Hordeum vulgare''). Bacterial and fungal diseases Nematodes, parasitic Virus, viroid and virus-like diseases Phytoplasma diseases Miscellaneous diseases and disorders Sources Barley Diseases, Queensland Government, AustraliaEPPO Standards, Guidelines on good plant protection - Barley, EuropeCommon Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society, USUSDA ARS Fungal Database References Common Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Barley Diseases * Barley Barley (''Hordeum vulgare''), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Globally 70% of barley pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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