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Larry P. V. Riles
Larry P. v. Riles was a court case filed in the Federal District in 1971, which was settled in 1979 and upheld on appeal in 1984. The case has been described as "arguably the most well-known legal decision related to cognitive assessment". Five African-American children had been placed in special classes for the "educable mentally retarded", based on low IQ test scores. The case was filed by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Legal Defense fund. Judge Robert F. Peckham ruled that they had been wrongly placed. "Larry P." was one of the children, real name Darryl Lester. Wilson Riles Wilson Camanza Riles (June 27, 1917 – April 1, 1999) was an American educator and politician from California. He was the first African American to be elected to statewide office in California. Career Riles graduated from Northern Arizona Univ ... was the California State Superintendent of Public Instruction. The appeal court further banned the use of IQ tests on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
African-American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an Race and ethnicity in the United States, ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of Slavery in the United States, enslaved Africans who are from the United States. While some Black immigrants or their children may also come to identify as African-American, the majority of first generation immigrants do not, preferring to identify with their nation of origin. African Americans constitute the second largest racial group in the U.S. after White Americans, as well as the third largest ethnic group after Hispanic and Latino Americans. Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved people within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of West Africa, West/Central Africa, Central African with some European descent; some also have Native Americans in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IQ Test
An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence. The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the psychologist William Stern (psychologist), William Stern for the German language, German term ''Intelligenzquotient'', his term for a scoring method for intelligence tests at University of Wrocław, University of Breslau he advocated in a 1912 book. Historically, IQ was a score obtained by dividing a person's mental age score, obtained by administering an intelligence test, by the person's chronological age, both expressed in terms of years and months. The resulting fraction (quotient) was multiplied by 100 to obtain the IQ score. For modern Intelligence quotient#Current tests, IQ tests, the Test score, raw score is Data transformation (statistics), transformed to a normal distribution with mean 100 and standard deviation 15. This results in approximately two-thirds of the population scoring between I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey and Ida B. Wells. Leaders of the organization included Thurgood Marshall and Roy Wilkins. Its mission in the 21st century is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination". National NAACP initiatives include political lobbying, publicity efforts and litigation strategies developed by its legal team. The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th century by considering issues such as police misconduct, the status of black foreign refugees and questions of economic development. Its name, retained in accordance with tradition, uses the once common term ''colored people,'' referring to tho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Francis Peckham
Robert Francis Peckham (November 3, 1920 – February 16, 1993) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Education and career Born in San Francisco, California, Peckham attended Yale University and received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Stanford University in 1941 and a Bachelor of Laws from Stanford Law School in 1945. He was in private practice in Palo Alto and Sunnyvale, California from 1946 to 1948. He was an Assistant United States Attorney of the Northern District of California from 1948 to 1953. He was the Chief Assistant of the Criminal Division from 1952 to 1953. He was again in private practice in Palo Alto and Sunnyvale from 1953 to 1959. He was a judge of the Superior Court of Santa Clara County, California from 1959 to 1966. He was Presiding Judge of that court from 1961 to 1963 and from 1965 to 1966. Federal judicial service Peckham was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilson Riles
Wilson Camanza Riles (June 27, 1917 – April 1, 1999) was an American educator and politician from California. He was the first African American to be elected to statewide office in California. Career Riles graduated from Northern Arizona University in 1940 and served in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. He served three terms as the elected California State Superintendent of Public Instruction. His upset win in November 1970 over controversial incumbent Max Rafferty"The Victory of Wilson Riles" ''Sacramento Bee'' editorial, November 10, 1970 was described as "one of the most stunning upsets in California's political history". Riles had been serving as a deputy superintendent under Rafferty and had almost no name recognition when he launched h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1979 In United States Case Law
Events January * January 1 ** United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim heralds the start of the ''International Year of the Child''. Many musicians donate to the ''Music for UNICEF Concert'' fund, among them ABBA, who write the song ''Chiquitita'' to commemorate the event. ** The United States and the People's Republic of China establish full Sino-American relations, diplomatic relations. ** Following a deal agreed during 1978, France, French carmaker Peugeot completes a takeover of American manufacturer Chrysler's Chrysler Europe, European operations, which are based in United Kingdom, Britain's former Rootes Group factories, as well as the former Simca factories in France. * January 7 – Cambodian–Vietnamese War: The People's Army of Vietnam and Vietnamese-backed Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation, Cambodian insurgents announce the fall of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and the collapse of the Pol Pot regime. Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge retreat west to an area ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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