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Language Survey
A language survey is conducted around the world for a variety of reasons. *Measuring people's ability to speak and understand another language (usually community based, not school based) (multilingualism) *studying people's attitudes about different languages *evaluating the differences and similarities in speech of communities that speak related speech forms, noting comprehension or collecting details of linguistic form (dialectology) *assessing the vitality of languages that may be disappearing (language death) *doing initial descriptions of languages in areas that are linguistically undescribed Methods Methods used in language surveys depend on the questions that the survey is trying to answer. Methods used include collecting word lists, playing recorded texts to assess comprehension, sentence repetition tests, questionnaires, group and individual interviews, retelling of stories, direct observation, pointing to pictures after listening to instructions, and even internet surve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multilingualism
Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. When the languages are just two, it is usually called bilingualism. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. More than half of all Europeans claim to speak at least one language other than their mother tongue; but many read and write in one language. Being multilingual is advantageous for people wanting to participate in trade, globalization and cultural openness. Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet, individuals' exposure to multiple languages has become increasingly possible. People who speak several languages are also called '' polyglots''. Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, the so-called first language (L1). The first language (sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue) is usually acquired without formal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Danish Sign Language
Danish Sign Language (, DTS) is the sign language used in Denmark. Classification Henri Wittmann (1991) assigned DSL to the French Sign Language family because of similarities in vocabulary. Peter Atke Castberg studied deaf education in Europe for two years (1803–1805), including at l'Épée's school in Paris, and founded the first deaf school in Denmark in 1807, where Danish Sign Language (DTS) developed. The exact relationship between DTS and Old French Sign Language (VLSF) is not known; Castberg was critical of l'Épée's 'methodical signs' and also receptive to local sign language in 1807, and may thus have introduced signs from VLSF to a pre-existing local language (or home sign(s)) rather than derived DTS from VLSF itself. In any case, Castberg introduced a one-handed manual alphabet in 1808 that was based on the Spanish manual alphabet. In 1977, the Danish Deaf Association adopted 'the international manual alphabet', which was an almost exact copy of the American ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The areas of linguistic analysis are syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences), semantics (meaning), Morphology (linguistics), morphology (structure of words), phonetics (speech sounds and equivalent gestures in sign languages), phonology (the abstract sound system of a particular language, and analogous systems of sign languages), and pragmatics (how the context of use contributes to meaning). Subdisciplines such as biolinguistics (the study of the biological variables and evolution of language) and psycholinguistics (the study of psychological factors in human language) bridge many of these divisions. Linguistics encompasses Outline of linguistics, many branches and subfields that span both theoretical and practical applications. Theoretical linguistics is concerned with understanding the universal grammar, universal and Philosophy of language#Nature of language, fundamental nature of language and developing a general ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Multilingual And Multicultural Development
The ''Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the study of topics in the sociology and social psychology of language, in language and cultural politics, policy, planning, and practice. The editor-in-chief is John Robert Edwards. It was established in 1980 and is published in 7 issues per year by Routledge. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts, MLA International Bibliography, and Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2016 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 0.943, ranking it 67th of 182 journals in the Linguistics category. References External links * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latvia
Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the three Baltic states, along with Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south. It borders Russia to the east and Belarus to the southeast, and shares a Maritime boundary, maritime border with Sweden to the west. Latvia covers an area of , with a population of 1.9million. The country has a Temperate climate, temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and List of cities and towns in Latvia, largest city is Riga. Latvians, who are the titular nation and comprise 65.5% of the country's population, belong to the ethnolinguistic group of the Balts and speak Latvian language, Latvian. Russians in Latvia, Russians are the most prominent minority in the country, at almost a quarter of the population; 37.7% of the population speak Russian language, Russian as their native tongue. After centuries of State of the Teutonic Order, Teutonic, Swedish Livonia, Swedish, Inflanty Voi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hindko Dialect
Hindko (, , ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Punjab.While some linguists classify Hindko as part of the Lahnda group, many speakers consider it a distinct language with its own identity. There is a nascent language movement, and in recent decades Hindko-speaking intellectuals have started promoting the view of Hindko as a separate language. There is a literary tradition based on Peshawari, the urban variety of Peshawar in the northwest, and another one based on the language of Abbottabad in the northeast. In the 2017 census of Pakistan, million people declared their language to be Hindko, while a 2020 estimate placed the number of speakers at 7 million. Hindko to some extent is mutually intelligible with Punjabi and Saraiki, and has more affinities with the latter than with the former. The name "Hindko" means "the Indian la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Center For Applied Linguistics
The Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL) is a private, nonprofit organization founded in 1959 and headquartered in Washington, DC. Its mission is to promote language learning and cultural understanding. Its president and chief executive officer is Joel Gómez. The organization carries out its mission by working in the fields of bilingual education, English as a second language, world languages education, language policy, assessment, immigrant and refugee integration, literacy dialect studies; and the education of linguistically and culturally diverse adults and children.Peterson, E. 2004. ''Center for Applied Linguistics''. ESL magazine. Chicago: Modern English Publishing. pp. 18–22. Staff members conduct research, design and develop language assessments and instructional materials, provide technical assistance and professional development, and disseminate information and resources related to language and culture. History In the late 1950s, issues of language diversity, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Instituto Lingüístico De Verano (Mexico)
The (abbreviated , in ) is a non-profit organization incorporated in Mexico with the legal status of a civil association (). It is the affiliate body in Mexico to the overarching parent organization SIL International, a worldwide U.S.-based evangelical Protestant organization that sponsors the study, documentation and development of indigenous and minority languages across the world. ILV in Mexico was formally established in 1948, with a stated focus on the study and documentation of the indigenous languages of Mexico and involvement with Mexico's indigenous peoples' affairs generally. The Institute publishes dictionaries, grammars and other literacy and education materials in many of the indigenous languages, and it is also a sponsor of language workshops, presentations and conferences. As a body with ongoing degrees of association and sponsorship of Christian missionary activities and goals, ILV also works to produce translations of Biblical texts in local languages. While it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Languages Of Tajikistan
There are several languages of Tajikistan. Officially, the country recognizes Russian as the interethnic language and Tajik (a variety of Persian) as the state language. After these two, Uzbek is the next most popular. Minority languages native to the area include Kyrgyz, Yaghnobi, Parya, and the various Pamir languages. Popular foreign languages to study include English and Chinese. Main languages The two official languages of Tajikistan are Russian as the interethnic language and Tajik as the state language, as understood in Article 2 of the Constitution: "The state language of Tajikistan shall be Tajik. Russian shall be the language of international communication." Tajikistan is one of three former Soviet republics in Central Asia to have Russian as a de jure official language, along with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The highly educated part of the population of Tajikistan, as well as the intelligentsia, prefer to speak Persian — the pronunciation of which in Tajikist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Languages Of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani language, Azerbaijani is the sole official language of Azerbaijan and is spoken by the majority of its population. However, several minority languages also exist in the country, including Lezgian language, Lezgian, Talysh language, Talysh, Avar language, Avar, Russian language, Russian, and Tat language (Caucasus), Tat. Additionally, languages such as Tsakhur language, Tsakhur and Khinalug language, Khinalug are spoken by a small percentage of the population. General The primary and official language of Azerbaijan is Azerbaijani language, Azerbaijani, a Turkic languages, Turkic language closely related to and partially mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible with Turkish language, Turkish. Together with Turkish, Turkmen language, Turkmen and Gagauz language, Gagauz, Azerbaijani is a member of Oghuz languages, Oghuz branch of Turkic languages family. Present According to the 2019 census of the country, Azerbaijani is spoken as a native language by 96% of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mexican Sign Language
Mexican Sign Language (, LSM; also previously known by several other names), is a natural language that serves as the predominant language of the Deaf community Deafness has varying definitions in cultural and medical contexts. In medical contexts, the meaning of deafness is hearing loss that precludes a person from understanding spoken language, an audiological condition. In this context it is written ... in Mexico. LSM is a complete and organized visual language, which is expressed with the hands, face, and body, with its own distinct history, community, and culture. There are several dialects based on regional variation and LSM may be learned as a second language by hearing and Deaf signers. LSM is closely related to French Sign Language (LSF) and American Sign Language (ASL), although it is Mutual intelligibility, mutually unintelligible. LSM originated in the mid-19th century following the establishment of the first school for the Deaf in Mexico City, Escuela Nacional d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Munji Language
The Munji language (, ), also known as Munjani (, , Munjani: ), Munjhan (), and the Munjiwar language, is a Pamir language spoken in the Munjan valley in the Kuran wa Munjan district of the Badakhshan province in northeast Afghanistan. It is similar to the Yidgha language, which is spoken in the Upper Lotkoh Valley of Chitral, west of Garam Chashma in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Historically, Munji displays the closest possible linguistic affinity with the now-extinct Bactrian language. The Garam Chashma area became important during the Soviet–Afghan War. During the invasion, the Soviets were unable to stop the flow of arms and men back and forth across the Dorah Pass that separates Chitral, in Pakistan, from Badakshan in Afghanistan. The two dialects spoken in the area of Mamalgha Valley and the area of Munjan Valley differed, being the northern and southern dialects. The language has moved to parts of Chitral, after the War in Afghanistan forced the Munji-speaking pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
