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Landau–Zener Formula
The Landau–Zener formula is an analytic solution to the equations of motion governing the transition dynamics of a two-state quantum system, with a time-dependent Hamiltonian varying such that the energy separation of the two states is a linear function of time. The formula, giving the probability of a diabatic (not adiabatic) transition between the two energy states, was published separately by Lev Landau, Clarence Zener, Ernst Stueckelberg, and Ettore Majorana, in 1932. If the system starts, in the infinite past, in the lower energy eigenstate, we wish to calculate the probability of finding the system in the upper energy eigenstate in the infinite future (a so-called Landau–Zener transition). For infinitely slow variation of the energy difference (that is, a Landau–Zener velocity of zero), the adiabatic theorem tells us that no such transition will take place, as the system will always be in an instantaneous eigenstate of the Hamiltonian at that moment in time. At non-z ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magnetic Field
A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to the magnetic field. A permanent magnet's magnetic field pulls on ferromagnetic materials such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets. In addition, a nonuniform magnetic field exerts minuscule forces on "nonmagnetic" materials by three other magnetic effects: paramagnetism, diamagnetism, and antiferromagnetism, although these forces are usually so small they can only be detected by laboratory equipment. Magnetic fields surround magnetized materials, and are created by electric currents such as those used in electromagnets, and by electric fields varying in time. Since both strength and direction of a magnetic field may vary with location, it is described mathematically by a function assigning a vector to each point of space, cal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Physics JETP
The ''Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics'' (''JETP'') [russian: Журнал Экспериментальной и Теоретической Физики, italic=yes (''ЖЭТФ''), or ''Zhurnal Éksperimental'noĭ i Teoreticheskoĭ Fiziki'' (''ZhÉTF'')] is a peer-reviewed Russian bilingual scientific journal covering all areas of experimental and theoretical physics. For example, coverage includes solid state physics, elementary particles, and cosmology. The journal is published simultaneously in both Russian and English languages. The editor-in-chief An editor-in-chief (EIC), also known as lead editor or chief editor, is a publication's editorial leader who has final responsibility for its operations and policies. The highest-ranking editor of a publication may also be titled editor, managing ... is Alexander F. Andreev. In addition, this journal is a continuation of ''Soviet physics, JETP'' (1931–1992), which began English translation in 1955. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemical Physics
Chemical physics is a subdiscipline of chemistry and physics that investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics; it is the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics. While at the interface of physics and chemistry, chemical physics is distinct from physical chemistry in that it focuses more on the characteristic elements and theories of physics. Meanwhile, physical chemistry studies the physical nature of chemistry. Nonetheless, the distinction between the two fields is vague, and scientists often practice in both fields during the course of their research. The United States Department of Education defines chemical physics as "A program that focuses on the scientific study of structural phenomena combining the disciplines of physical chemistry and atomic/molecular physics. Includes instruction in heterogeneous structures, alignment and surface phenomena, quantum t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
No-go Theorem
In theoretical physics, a no-go theorem is a theorem that states that a particular situation is not physically possible. Specifically, the term describes results in quantum mechanics like Bell's theorem and the Kochen–Specker theorem that constrain the permissible types of Hidden variable theory, hidden variable theories which try to explain the apparent randomness of quantum mechanics as a deterministic model featuring hidden states. Instances of no-go theorems Full descriptions of the no-go theorems named below are given in other articles linked to their names. A few of them are broad, general categories under which several theorems fall. Other names are broad and general-sounding but only refer to a single theorem. * Antidynamo theorems is a general category of theorems that restrict the type of magnetic fields that can be produced by dynamo theory, dynamo action. ** Cowling's theorem states that an axisymmetric magnetic field cannot be maintained through a self-sustaining ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Physics B
The ''Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics'' is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by IOP Publishing. It was established in 1968 from the division of the earlier title, ''Proceedings of the Physical Society''. In 2006, the '' Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics'' was merged with the ''Journal of Physics B''. The editor-in-chief is Marc Vrakking (Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy). Scope The journal covers research on atomic, molecular, and optical physics. Topics include atomic and molecular structure, spectra and collisions, ultracold matter, quantum optics and non linear optics, quantum information, laser physics, intense laser fields, ultrafast and x-ray physics and atomic and molecular physics in plasmas. The journal publishes research papers, fast track communications, topical reviews, tutorials, and invited articles. It occasionally publishes special issues on developing resea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Physics A
The ''Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by IOP Publishing. It is part of the ''Journal of Physics'' series and covers theoretical physics focusing on sophisticated mathematical and computational techniques. It was established in 1968 from the division of the earlier title, ''Proceedings of the Physical Society''. The journal is divided into six sections covering: statistical physics; chaotic and complex systems; mathematical physics; quantum mechanics and quantum information theory; classical and quantum field theory; fluid and plasma theory. The editor in chief is Joseph A Minahan (Uppsala Universitet, Sweden). According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.132. Indexing The journal is indexed in: * Scopus * Inspec * Chemical Abstracts * GeoRef * INIS Atomindex * Astrophysics Data System * PASCAL * ''Referativny Zhurnal'' * Zentralblatt MATH * Science Citation Index ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physical Review A
''Physical Review A'' (also known as PRA) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Physical Society covering atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum information. the editor was Jan M. Rost (Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems). History In 1893, the ''Physical Review'' was established at Cornell University. It was taken over by the American Physical Society (formed in 1899) in 1913. In 1970, ''Physical Review'' was subdivided into ''Physical Review A'', ''B'', ''C'', and ''D''. At that time section ''A'' was subtitled ''Physical Review A: General Physics''. In 1990 a process was started to split this journal into two, resulting in the creation of ''Physical Review E'' in 1993. Hence, in 1993, ''Physical Review A'' changed its statement of scope to ''Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics.'' In January 2007, the section of ''Physical Review E'' that published papers on classical optics was merged into ''Physical Review ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Off-diagonal Element
In geometry, a diagonal is a line segment joining two vertices of a polygon or polyhedron, when those vertices are not on the same edge. Informally, any sloping line is called diagonal. The word ''diagonal'' derives from the ancient Greek διαγώνιος ''diagonios'', "from angle to angle" (from διά- ''dia-'', "through", "across" and γωνία ''gonia'', "angle", related to ''gony'' "knee"); it was used by both Strabo and Euclid to refer to a line connecting two vertices of a rhombus or cuboid, and later adopted into Latin as ''diagonus'' ("slanting line"). In matrix algebra, the diagonal of a square matrix consists of the entries on the line from the top left corner to the bottom right corner. There are also other, non-mathematical uses. Non-mathematical uses In engineering, a diagonal brace is a beam used to brace a rectangular structure (such as scaffolding) to withstand strong forces pushing into it; although called a diagonal, due to practical considerations d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methods Of Contour Integration
In the mathematical field of complex analysis, contour integration is a method of evaluating certain integrals along paths in the complex plane. Contour integration is closely related to the calculus of residues, a method of complex analysis. One use for contour integrals is the evaluation of integrals along the real line that are not readily found by using only real variable methods. Contour integration methods include: * direct integration of a complex-valued function along a curve in the complex plane (a ''contour''); * application of the Cauchy integral formula; and * application of the residue theorem. One method can be used, or a combination of these methods, or various limiting processes, for the purpose of finding these integrals or sums. Curves in the complex plane In complex analysis a contour is a type of curve in the complex plane. In contour integration, contours provide a precise definition of the curves on which an integral may be suitably defined. A curve in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Physical Chemistry B
''The Journal of Physical Chemistry B'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers research on several fields of material chemistry (macromolecules, soft matter, and surfactants) as well as statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, and biophysical chemistry. It has been published weekly since 1997 by the American Chemical Society. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal had an impact factor of 3.466 for 2021. Due to the growing amount of research in the fields it covers, the journal was split into two at the beginning of 2007, with '' The Journal of Physical Chemistry C'' specializing in nanostructures, the structures and properties of surfaces and interfaces, electronics, and related topics. List of editors-in-chief The following persons have been editor-in-chief: * 1997–2005 Mostafa El-Sayed * 2005–2019 George C. Schatz * 2020–Present Joan-Emma Shea See also * ''The Journal of Physical Chemistry A'' * '' The Journal of Physical Chemistr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Curt Wittig
Curt Franklin Wittig is a Professor of Chemistry and the holder of the Paul A. Miller Chair in the College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences at the University of Southern California (USC). Born and raised in Chicago, Illinois, Curt Wittig received his B.S. and Ph.D in Electrical Engineering from the University of Illinois in 1970. Post-doctoral work (EE at USC, Chemistry at Cambridge (UK) and UC Berkeley) was followed by a faculty appointment in 1973 at USC in the EE Department. After becoming a professor in 1979, his interests changed, and he moved to the Chemistry and Physics Departments in 1981, settling eventually in the Chemistry Department, where he has specialized in physical chemistry (chemical physics) ever since. Wittig and his wife, Michele, live in Santa Monica, California. Research focus His earliest contributions were technological: invention of the continuous carbon monoxide chemical laser in 1969, and development and demonstration of the so-called infrared pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
