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Land Surface Models (climate)
Land surface models (LSMs) use quantitative methods to simulate the exchange of water and energy fluxes at the Earth surface–atmosphere interface. They are key component of climate models. Over the past two decades, they have evolved from oversimplified schemes, which described the surface boundary conditions for general circulation models (GCMs), to complex models that can be used alone or as part of GCMs to investigate the biogeochemical, hydrological, and energy cycles at the earth's surface. It has been suggested that terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) are a more inclusive term than land surface models (LSMs). The representation of roots in TBMs (or LSMs), however, remains relatively crude. Particularly, the dynamic functions of roots and phylogenetic basis of water uptake remain largely absent in LSMs. See also *CLASS * ISBA *JULES Jules is the French form of the Latin "Julius" (e.g. Jules César, the French name for Julius Caesar). It is the given name of: People with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Climate Model
Numerical climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the important drivers of climate, including atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice. They are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the climate system to projections of future climate. Climate models may also be qualitative (i.e. not numerical) models and also narratives, largely descriptive, of possible futures. Quantitative climate models take account of incoming energy from the sun as short wave electromagnetic radiation, chiefly visible and short-wave (near) infrared, as well as outgoing long wave (far) infrared electromagnetic. An imbalance results in a change in temperature. Quantitative models vary in complexity. For example, a simple radiant heat transfer model treats the earth as a single point and averages outgoing energy. This can be expanded vertically (radiative-convective models) and/or horizontally. Coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice global climate models ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Circulation Model
A general circulation model (GCM) is a type of climate model. It employs a mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean. It uses the Navier–Stokes equations on a rotating sphere with thermodynamic terms for various energy sources (radiation, latent heat). These equations are the basis for computer programs used to simulate the Earth's atmosphere or oceans. Atmospheric and oceanic GCMs (AGCM and OGCM) are key components along with sea ice and land-surface components. GCMs and global climate models are used for weather forecasting, understanding the climate, and forecasting climate change. Versions designed for decade to century time scale climate applications were originally created by Syukuro Manabe and Kirk Bryan at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) in Princeton, New Jersey. These models are based on the integration of a variety of fluid dynamical, chemical and sometimes biological equations. Terminology The acronym ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canadian Land Surface Scheme
The Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) is a land surface parametrization scheme for use in large scale climate models. It is a state-of-the-art model, using physically based equations to simulate the energy and water balances of vegetation, snow and soil. CLASS is being developed in a research project led by D. Verseghy at the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service. See also * CCCma CCCma (Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis) is part of the Climate Research Division of Environment Canada and is located at the University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia. Its purpose is to develop and apply climate models ... - CLASS is used in CGCM3.1 References * D. L. Verseghy, "The Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS): its history and future," Atmosphere-Ocean, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2000. * D. L. Verseghy, "CLASS--A Canadian Land Surface Scheme for GCMS: I. Soil Model," International Journal of Climatology IJCLEU, vol. p 111-133, p. 44, 1991. * D. L. Verse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interaction Soil-Biosphere-Atmosphere
Interaction is action that occurs between two or more objects, with broad use in philosophy and the sciences. It may refer to: Science * Interaction hypothesis, a theory of second language acquisition * Interaction (statistics) * Interactions of actors theory, created by cybernetician Gordon Pask * Fundamental interaction, in physics * Human–computer interaction * Social interaction between people Biology * Biological interaction * Cell–cell interaction * Drug interaction * Gene–environment interaction * Protein–protein interaction Chemistry * Aromatic interaction * Cation-pi interaction * Metallophilic interaction Arts and media * ''Interaction'' (album), 1963, by Art Farmer's Quartet * ACM ''Interactions'', a magazine published by the Association for Computing Machinery * "Interactions" (''The Spectacular Spider-Man''), an episode of the animated television series * 63rd World Science Fiction Convention, titled ''Interaction'' See also * * * Interact (disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JULES
Jules is the French form of the Latin "Julius" (e.g. Jules César, the French name for Julius Caesar). It is the given name of: People with the name *Jules Aarons (1921–2008), American space physicist and photographer *Jules Abadie (1876–1953), French politician and surgeon *Jules Accorsi (born 1937), French football player and manager *Jules Adenis (1823–1900), French playwright and opera librettist *Jules Adler 1865–1952), French painter *Jules Asner (born 1968), American television personality *Jules Aimé Battandier (1848–1922), French botanist *Jules Bernard (born 2000), American basketball player *Jules Bianchi (1989–2015), French Formula One driver *Jules Breton (1827–1906), French Realist painter *Jules-André Brillant (1888–1973), Canadian entrepreneur *Jules Brunet (1838–1911), French Army general *Jules Charles-Roux (1841–1918), French businessman and politician *Jules Dewaquez (1899–1971), French footballer *Jules Marie Alphonse Jacques de Dixmu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Land Surface Model (LSM Version 1
Land, also known as dry land, ground, or earth, is the solid terrestrial surface of the planet Earth that is not submerged by the ocean or other bodies of water. It makes up 29% of Earth's surface and includes the continents and various islands. Earth's land surface is almost entirely covered by regolith, a layer of rock, soil, and minerals that forms the outer part of the crust. Land plays important roles in Earth's climate system and is involved in the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and water cycle. One-third of land is covered in trees, 15% is used for crops, and 10% is covered in permanent snow and glaciers. Land terrain varies greatly and consists of mountains, deserts, plains, plateaus, glaciers, and other landforms. In physical geology, the land is divided into two major categories: mountain ranges and relatively flat interiors called cratons. Both are formed over millions of years through plate tectonics. A major part of Earth's water cycle, streams shape the landscape ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
