|
Lakia
Lakia, Lakistan ( Lak: ''Lak'', ''Lakral kanu'', ''Lakku bilayat'', ''Lakkuy'') is the name of the ethnic territory of the Laks in Dagestan in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. Kumukh is the main historical, cultural, spiritual and political center of Lakia that consists of Lakskiy and Kulinskiy districts. Territory Geographical location Lakia is bordered to the north and west by Avaria, to the east by Dargo (occasionally called Darginstan or Darganstan), and to the south by Agul and Rutul. On the other side of the Caucasus lie Georgia and Azerbaijan (including the historical kingdom of the Tsakhurs). Lakia represents itself as a triangle with slightly rounded sides, facing its apex to the north and the base to the south. The apex of this triangle is the gorge of Tsudakhar. The sides of this triangle are the so-called cross-ridges of the Caucasian mountains. The east side includes the Karinsko-Kundi mountains, Ali mountain, Shunudag, and Kulinsko-Khosrekh ridge. Western si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laks (Caucasus)
The Laks (self-designation: Lak) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group native to an inland region known as ''Lakia'' within Dagestan in the North Caucasus. They speak the Lak language. Laks historically live in the Lakskiy and Kulinskiy districts of Dagestan. This ethnocultural area is known as Lakia. There are about 200,000 ethnic Laks in the world. Ethnonym The word "Lak" is the self-designation of the Lak people as in Lak expressions: "zhu Lak buru" — we are Lak; "zhu Lakral khalq buru" — we are Lak people; "Laktal" — Laks; "Lakssa" — Lakian, Laks, Lak man; "Lakkuchu" — Lakian man; "Lakku maz" — Lakian language; "Lakkuy" — Lakia; "Lakral kanu" — Lak place; "Lakral kanu" — Lak district; "Lakku bilayat" — Lak country; "Lakral pachchahlug" — Lak state. Laks use the name "Lak" as their ethnonym and placename. P. K. Uslar (1864) reported on the use of self-designation "Lak" by residents of Gazi-Kumukh: "Lakkuchu, Lakkuchunal, nominative plural Lak, gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Lakia
Lakia is an ancient ethnic region within the state of Dagestan. Its historical capital is Kumukh, one of the ancient cultural and religious centres of Lakia. The people of Lakia are self-designated as Laks and their native language is Lak. Persian Empire in the 5th century BC According to the '' Encyclopaedia of Islam'' published by Brill the ancestors of the Lak people may have been known to the ancient Greeks as "Ligyes (Λίγυες), Legaes (Λήγας), and Leges (Λήγες)". If this is the case Herodotos mentions in his '' Histories'' these "Ligyes" as part of the contingent from the Caucasus region led by Akhaimenid prince Gobryas in his half-brother Xerxes' invasion of Greece in 480 BC. Persian invasions in the 5th-6th centuries In the 6th century, following a long war, the Sassanid Empire took over the Eastern and North-Eastern Caucasus. In 552 the Khazars invaded Caucasus and occupied the northern plains of Dagestan. The reigning shah of Persia, Khosrau I An ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gazikumukh Khanate
Gazikumukh Khanate was a Lak state that was established in present-day Dagestan after the disintegration of Gazikumukh Shamkhalate in 1642. Its peoples included various Lezgin tribes and Avars. State structure Supreme council Khanate was ruled by the supreme council known as "Kat" in Lak or "Divan" where viziers, main qadis, warlords and the ruler participated in the meetings. Local governments consisted of jama'at, council of chiefs, judge and executor. Police functions were performed by the khan's noukers. Territory The state of Laks consisted of one Lakia that was divided into such territories as "Kullal", "Uri-Mukarki", "Machaymi", "Vitskhi", "Gumuchi" and "Bartki". Khalklavchi Alibek II Election After the transfer of the capital of shamkhalate to Tarki, in Gazi-Kumukh was ruled by the supreme council.Казикумухские и кюринские ханы. ССКГ. Вып. II. СПб. 1868. In 1642 Alibek II, son of Tuchilav, son of Alibek I, son of Chopan-shamkha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kumukh
Kumukh (russian: Кумух; lbe, Гъумук) aka Gazi Kumukh is a village and the administrative center of Laksky District in Dagestan. It is located on the banks of the Kazikumukh Koysu, a branch of the Sulak River. Etymology Laks use the name "Lak" or "Lakral kanu" (the Lak place) to refer to Kumukh. The naming of the surrounding villages as "Lakral sharhurdu" meant that they belong to Lak. In all probability, in ancient times Laks lived in the small village of Lak. The toponym "Lak" was adopted only in the Lak language. In the understanding of Laks, Kumukh was a fortress of Lak city and then in the general sense became the capital of the Lak principality. Historical literature mentioned Kumukh in a variety of pronunciations. Al-Masudi in the 10th century mentioned "Gumik" as a city or a principality. Al-Kufi in the 10th century mentioned fortress "'Amik" which is taken as "Gumik ". Ibn Rushd in the 10th century named Kumukh as a fortress "Alal and Gumik". The prefix "Alal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gazikumukh Shamkhalate
"Gazikumukh Shamkhalate" is a term introduced in Russian-Dagestan historiography starting from the 1950s–60s to denote the Kumyk state that existed on the territory of present-day Dagestan in the period of the 8th to 17th centuries with the capital in Gazi-Kumukh, and allegedly disintegrated in 1642. However, In the 16th century's Russian archival sources Tarki is stated to be the "capital of Shamkhalate" and "the city of Shamkhal", while "Kazi-Kumuk" is mentioned as a residence. These facts contradict "1642 disintegration" date. Moreover, there is absolutely no source before the 1950s containing the term "Gazikumukh Shamkhalate" or a statement that Gazi-Kumukh had ever been the capital of Shamkhalate. Historically, Shamkhalate is widely described as Tarki Shamkhalate or just Shamkhalate. Formation of shamkhalate in the 8th to 12th centuries Turkic-Tatar version Among the supporters of Turkic version of the creation of the Shamkhalian state is Lak historian Ali Kayaev: A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lak Language
Lak (лакку маз, ''lakːu maz'') is a Northeast Caucasian language forming its own branch within this family. It is the language of the Lak people from the Russian autonomous republic of Dagestan, where it is one of six standardized languages. It is spoken by about 157,000 people. History In 1864 Russian ethnographer and linguist P. K. Uslar wrote: "Kazikumukh grammar or as I called it for short in the native language, the Lak grammar, Lakku maz, the Lak language, is ready".P. K. Uslar. Этнография Кавказа thnography of the Caucasus Языкознание inguistics 4. Лакский язык he Lak language Tbilisi, 1890. In 1890, P. K. Uslar compiled a textbook on Lak grammar titled ''The Lak Language''. It stated under the title "Lak alphabet": "The proposed alphabet is written for people who name themselves collectively Lak, genitive Lakral. From among these people each one is named separately Lakkuchu 'Lakian man', the woman – Lakkusharssa 'L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caucasus
The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historically been considered as a natural barrier between Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Mount Elbrus in Russia, Europe's highest mountain, is situated in the Western Caucasus. On the southern side, the Lesser Caucasus includes the Javakheti Plateau and the Armenian highlands, part of which is in Turkey. The Caucasus is divided into the North Caucasus and South Caucasus, although the Western Caucasus also exists as a distinct geographic space within the North Caucasus. The Greater Caucasus mountain range in the north is mostly shared by Russia and Georgia as well as the northernmost parts of Azerbaijan. The Lesser Caucasus mountain range in the south is occupied by several independent states, mostly by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, but also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ilchi (1917)
''Ilchi'' ('The Herald') was a Lak language Lak (лакку маз, ''lakːu maz'') is a Northeast Caucasian language forming its own branch within this family. It is the language of the Lak people from the Russian autonomous republic of Dagestan, where it is one of six standardized langua ... newspaper published in 1917 by the Daghestani Propaganda Bureau.Caucasian Review', Eds. 6–10. Institut zur Erforschung der UdSSR, 1958. p. 115Gammer, M. Islam and Sufism in Daghestan'. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, 2009. pp. 80-81 It was edited by G. S. Saidov and A. K. Zakuev. References Lak-language newspapers Newspapers published in Russia 1917 establishments in Russia 1917 disestablishments in Russia Publications established in 1917 Publications disestablished in 1917 Defunct newspapers published in Russia {{Russia-newspaper-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surkhay II
Surkhay Khan Kun-Butta () or erroneously Khanbutai, Khon-Butai, Khomutai was an 18th-century Dagestani military leader as well as last independent Gazikumukh Khan. Background He was born in 1744, probably in Kumukh to Muhammad Khan of Gazikumukh and his Azerbaijani wife from Ustajlu tribe. Not much is known about his early life. According to Abbasgulu Bakikhanov, his mother was taken captive during his father's siege of Shabran. Abdullah khan Ustajlu, commander of the garrison of city was killed during the raid. Surkhay was born a year after the campaign and named after his grandfather Surkhay I. He had a half brother named Shaykh Mardan bek, who detested Surkhay because of their father's love towards him, as his mother was not from a noble family. Reign He succeeded after his father's death in 1789, which coincided his father's foe Fatali Khan's death. Being a 35-year-old experienced statesman, he wanted to exploit his new neighbours' weaknesses. His half-brother Shaykh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eighth of Earth's inhabitable landmass. Russia extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones and shares Borders of Russia, land boundaries with fourteen countries, more than List of countries and territories by land borders, any other country but China. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, world's ninth-most populous country and List of European countries by population, Europe's most populous country, with a population of 146 million people. The country's capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city is Moscow, the List of European cities by population within city limits, largest city entirely within E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Derbent
Derbent (russian: Дербе́нт; lez, Кьвевар, Цал; az, Дәрбәнд, italic=no, Dərbənd; av, Дербенд; fa, دربند), formerly romanized as Derbend, is a city in Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea. It is the southernmost city in Russia, and it is the second-most important city of Dagestan. Derbent occupies the narrow gateway between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains connecting the Eurasian Steppe to the north and the Iranian Plateau to the south; covering an area of , with a population of roughly 120,000 residents. Derbent claims to be the oldest city in Russia, with historical documentation dating to the 8th century BC, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Due to its strategic location, over the course of history, the city changed ownership many times, particularly among the Persian, Arab, Mongol, Timurid, and Shirvan kingdoms. In the 19th century, the city passed from Persian into Russian ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Padishah
Padishah ( fa, پادشاه; ; from Persian: r Old Persian: *">Old_Persian.html" ;"title="r Old Persian">r Old Persian: * 'master', and ''shāh'', 'king'), sometimes Romanization of Persian, romanised as padeshah or padshah ( fa, پادشاه; ota, پادشاه, pādişah; tr, padişah, ; ur, , hi, बादशाह, baadashaah), is a superlative sovereign title of Persian origin. A form of the word is known already from Middle Persian, or Pahlavi language, as ''pātaxšā(h)'' or ''pādixšā(y)''. Middle Persian ''pād'' may stem from Avestan ''paiti'', and is akin to Pati (title). ''Xšāy'', "to rule", and ''xšāyaθiya,'' "king", are from Old Persian. It was adopted by several monarchs claiming the highest rank, roughly equivalent to the ancient Persian notion of "Great King", and later adopted by post-Achaemenid and the Mughal emperors of India. However, in some periods it was used more generally for autonomous Muslim rulers, as in the '' Hudud al-'Alam'' of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
