Kuki-Chin–Naga Languages
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Kuki-Chin–Naga Languages
The Kuki-Chin–Naga languages are a geographic clustering of languages of the Sino-Tibetan family in James Matisoff's classification used by ''Ethnologue'', which groups it under the non-monophyletic "Tibeto-Burman". Their genealogical relationship both to each other and to the rest of Sino-Tibetan is unresolved, but Matisoff lumps them together as a convenience pending further research. The languages are spoken by the ethnically related Naga people of Nagaland, the Chin people of Burma, and the Kuki people. The larger among these languages have communities of several tens of thousands of native speakers, and a few have more than 100,000, such as Mizo (674,756 in India as of 2001), Thadou (150,000) or Lotha language (180,000). "Kuki" and "Chin" are essentially synonyms, whereas the Naga speak languages belonging to several Sino-Tibetan branches. Languages The established branches are: * Kuki-Chin ** Southern Naga (Northwestern) ** Northern ** Central ** Maraic ** Khomic * ...
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Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainland China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and north-west of mainland Australia. Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia (continent), Australia and the Indian Ocean. Apart from the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of atolls of Maldives, 26 atolls of Maldives in South Asia, Maritime Southeast Asia is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere. Mainland Southeast Asia is completely in the Northern Hemisphere. East Timor and the southern portion of Indonesia are the only parts that are south of the Equator. Th ...
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Thadou Language
Thadou (Thado, Thaadou, Thado-Pao, Thadou-Kuki) is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Northern Kuki-Chin-Mizo linguistic sub branch. It is spoken in the northeastern part of India (specifically in Manipur and Assam). It is spoken by the Thadou people. The Thadou language is known by many names, including Thado, Thado-Pao, Thādo, Thadou-kuki, Thado-Ubiphei, Chin and Thādo-pao. There are several dialects of this language : Hangshing, Khongsai, Kipgen, Saimar, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngeo, Haokip, Sitlhou, Singson (Shingsol).The Saimar dialect was reported in the Indian press in 2012 to be spoken by only four people in one village in the state of Tripura. The variety spoken in Manipur has partial mutual intelligibility with the other Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages varieties of the area including Paite, Hmar, Vaiphei, Simte, Kom and Gangte languages. This language is not utilized as much today. Thadou culture The Thadou language comes from the Tibeto-Burman or Kuki-Chin-Mizo langua ...
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Konyak Languages
The Konyak languages, or alternatively the Konyakian or Northern Naga languages, is a branch of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken by various Naga peoples in southeastern Arunachal Pradesh and northeastern Nagaland states of northeastern India. They are not particularly closely related to other Naga languages spoken further to the south, but rather to other Sal languages such as Jingpho and the Bodo-Garo languages. There are many dialects, and villages even a few kilometers apart frequently have to rely on a separate common language. Proto-Northern Naga, the reconstructed proto-language of the Konyak languages, has been reconstructed by Walter French (1983). Languages Konyak–Chang: * Konyak * Chang * Wancho * Phom *Khiamniungic ** Khiamniungan ** Leinong ** Makyam **Ponyo Tangsa–Nocte *Tangsa (Tase) **Muklom **Pangwa Naga **Ponthai **Tikhak *Nocte The Nocte are an ethnic Naga people, Naga tribe primarily living in Arunachal. They number about 111,679 (Census 2011), mainly f ...
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Zeme Languages
The Zemeic, Zeme, or ZeliangrongMortensen, David R. (2003). Comparative Tangkhul” Unpublished Qualifying Paper, UC Berkeley. languages are a branch of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken mostly in Indian state of Nagaland, Assam and Manipur in northeast India. It may have close relationship with other Naga languages pending further research. The corresponding ethnic group is the Zeliangrong Zeliangrong people are one of the major indigenous Naga communities living in the tri-junction of Assam, Manipur and Nagaland in India. They are the descendants of Nguiba. The term "Zeliangrong" refers to the Zeme, Liangmai and Rongmei Nag ... people. There were 63,529 Zeliang-speaking people in India in 2011. ''Ethnologue'' gives the name ''Western Naga'' for the Zeme languages. Languages The Zemeic languages are: * Zeme * Liangmai * Rongmei * Mzieme (Northern Zeme) * Puiron * Khoirao (Thangal) * Maram The Zeme and Rongmei language clusters are close enough to sometimes be considered ...
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Manipur
Manipur () ( mni, Kangleipak) is a state in Northeast India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanmar, Sagaing Region to the east and Chin State to the south. The state covers an area of . Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years. It connects the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia to Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, regions in the Arctic, Micronesia and Polynesia enabling migration of people, cultures and religions. During the days of the British Indian Empire, the Kingdom of Manipur was one of the princely states. Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of B ...
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Angami–Pochuri Languages
The Angami–Pochuri languages are a small family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in southern Nagaland and Northern Manipur of northeast India. Conventionally classified as "Naga", they are not clearly related to other Naga languages, and are conservatively classified as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan, pending further research. Coupe (2012) considers the Ao languages to be most closely related to Angami–Pochuri as part of a wider ''Angami–Ao'' group. Languages The Angami languages are: * Angami *Chokri (Chakri, Chakhesang) * Kheza * Sopvoma (Mao) *Poula Poula is an Angami-Pochuri language that is predominantly spoken by the Poumai Naga people in Senapati district in Manipur and Phek district in Nagaland, India. The language of Chingjaroi is also closely related to Poula. Overview A descr ... (Poumai) The Pochuri languages are: * Pochuri–Meluri * Ntenyi (Northern Rengma) * Rengma * Sumi (Sema) Rengma–Simi might form a third branch according to Burling ...
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Ao Languages
The Ao or Central Naga languages are a small family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken by various Naga peoples of Nagaland in northeast India. Conventionally classified as "Naga", they are not clearly related to other Naga languages, and are conservatively classified as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan, pending further research. There are around 607,000 speakers of the languages in total. Coupe (2012)Coupe, Alexander R. 2012. Overcounting numeral systems and their relevance to sub-grouping in the Tibeto-Burman languages of Nagaland. Language and Linguistics / Academica Sinica 13. 193-220. considers the Angami–Pochuri languages to be most closely related to Ao as part of a wider ''Angami–Ao'' group. Languages The following languages are widely accepted as Central Naga languages: * Ao language ** Chungli Ao ** Mongsen Ao * Sangtam ('Thukumi') * Yimkhiungrü ('Yachumi') * Lotha (Lhota) There are also various undescribed Ao varieties including Yacham and Tengsa, which may tu ...
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Southern Kuki-Chin Languages
Southern Kuki-Chin is a branch of Kuki-Chin languages. They are spoken mostly in southern Chin State, Myanmar and in southeastern Bangladesh. Some languages formerly classified as Southern Kuki-Chin, including Khumi, Mro, Rengmitca, are now classified as Khomic languages by Peterson (2017). VanBik (2009) and Peterson (2017) split Southern Kuki-Chin into the ''Asho'' and ''Cho'' branches. Languages * Shö * Thaiphum * Daai * Müün (K'cho, Ng'meeng, Nitu, Hmong-k'cha, Ng'gah) * Kaang * Nga La * Welaung (Rawngtu) * Laitu * Ekai *Rungtu Rungtu (Rungtu Chin), also known as Taungtha ( my, တောင်သားဘာသာစကား) is a moribund Kuki-Chin language of Burma spoken by the Taungtha people. It is spoken in 35 villages in Htilin, Kyaukhtu, and Saw townships, Mag ... (Taungtha) * Songlai * Sumtu References *Peterson, David. 2017. "On Kuki-Chin subgrouping." In Picus Sizhi Ding and Jamin Pelkey, eds. ''Sociohistorical linguistics in Southeast Asia: New horiz ...
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Khomic Languages
The Khomic languages are a branch of Kuki-Chin languages proposed by Peterson (2017). They are spoken mostly in southern Chin State, Myanmar and in southeastern Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos .... Languages Khomic languages include (Peterson 2017): * Khumi *Khami (Eastern Khumi) *Lemi * Mro * Rengmitca References *Peterson, David. 2017. "On Kuki-Chin subgrouping." In Picus Sizhi Ding and Jamin Pelkey, eds. ''Sociohistorical linguistics in Southeast Asia: New horizons for Tibeto-Burman studies in honor of David Bradley'', 189–209. Leiden: Brill. *Peterson, David A. 2012. ''The Khumi cluster and its place in Kuki-Chin''. Paper presented at ICSTLL 45, Singapore. {{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages * ...
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Maraic Languages
The Maraic languages are a branch of Kuki-Chin languages. Languages The Maraic languages are (VanBik 2009:23): * Mara (Tlôsaih) *Lyvaw (Lochei and Chira) *Sizo (Chapi, Ngaphe and Sabyu) * Lutuv (Lytu/Kahno) * Zophei (Vawngtu,Leitak) * Senthang * Zotung (Calthawng, Innmai, Lungngo) *Hlaipao (Vahapi yhno Heima and Lialai) Sound changes VanBik (2009) lists the following sound change A sound change, in historical linguistics, is a change in the pronunciation of a language. A sound change can involve the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature value) by a different one (called phonetic chang ...s from Proto-Kuki-Chin to Proto-Maraic. *Proto-Kuki-Chin *-p, *-t, *-k > Proto-Maraic *-''ʔ'' *Proto-Kuki-Chin *-ʔ > Proto-Maraic ''zero'' *Proto-Kuki-Chin *-r, *-l > Proto-Maraic ''zero'' *Proto-Kuki-Chin *kr- > Proto-Maraic *''ts''- References *Peterson, David. 2017. "On Kuki-Chin subgrouping." In Picus Sizhi Ding and Jamin Pelkey, eds. ''Sociohistor ...
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Central Kuki-Chin Languages
Central Kuki-Chin is a branch of the Kuki-Chin languages. Central Kuki-Chin languages are spoken primarily in Mizoram and other parts of North East India and also in Hakha Township and Falam Township of Chin State, Myanmar. Official use Mizo is the official language of Mizoram State, India. Classification VanBik (2009:23) classifies the Central Kuki-Chin languages as follows. ;Central Kuki-Chin * Pangkhua? * Laamtuk Thet (Tawr): Laamtuk, Ruavaan dialects * Lai languages **Hakha cluster: Halkha, Farrawn, Thantlang, Mi-E, Zokhua **Falam cluster: Bawm, Bualkhaw, Laizo, Lente, Khualsim, Khuangli, Sim, Tlaisun, Zanniat * Mizo languages ** Mizo cluster: Fanai, Hualngo, Lusei, Khiangte, Renthlei **Hmar cluster: Hmar, Biete , Hrangkhol , Sakachep ,Zote ,Thiek , Saihriem(Faihriem) ,etc VanBik (2009) is unsure about the classification of Pangkhua, and tentatively places it within Central Kuki-Chin. Sound changes VanBik (2009) lists the following sound changes from Proto-Kuki-C ...
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