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Kraków Uprising
The Kraków uprising (Polish: ''powstanie krakowskie'', ''rewolucja krakowska''; German: ''Krakauer Aufstand''; Russian: ''краковское восстание'') of 1846 was an attempt, led by Polish insurgents such as Jan Tyssowski and Edward Dembowski, to incite a fight for national independence. The uprising was centered on the city of Kraków, the capital of a small state of Free City of Krakow. It was directed at the powers that partitioned Poland, in particular the nearby Austrian Empire. The uprising lasted about nine days and ended with Austrian victory. Background The uprising was primarily organized and supported by members of the Polish nobility and middle class, who desired the restoration of Polish independence after the 1795 partitions of Poland ended its existence as a sovereign state; there was also support for various political and social reforms (such as the demands for the emancipation of peasants and an end to serfdom). Many of the insurgents' ideas we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edward Dembowski
Edward Dembowski (25 April or 31 May 1822 – 27 February 1846) was a Polish philosopher, literary critic, journalist, and leftist independence activist."Dembowski, Edward," ''Encyklopedia Polski'' (Encyclopedia of Poland), p. 128. Life Edward Dembowski was the son of Julia, née Kochanowska, and a conservative castellan-voivode of the Congress Poland, Leon Dembowski. On account of Edward's ''szlachta'' origins and contrasting radical social views, he was called "the red castellan's-son." Dembowski published ''Przegląd Naukowy'' (The Learned Review), a journal for young, independence-minded intelligentsia. In 1842–43 Dembowski conducted underground revolutionary activities in the Russian-ruled Congress Poland. Later, being at risk of arrest by Russian authorities, he transferred to Prussian-ruled Greater Poland. During the 1846 Kraków Uprising, Dembowski was secretary to dictator Jan Tyssowski. Dembowski died on 27 February 1846 at Podgórze, shot by Austrian troops while ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serfdom
Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with similarities to and differences from slavery, which developed during the Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century. Unlike slaves, serfs could not be bought, sold, or traded individually though they could, depending on the area, be sold together with land. The kholops in Russia, by contrast, could be traded like regular slaves, could be abused with no rights over their own bodies, could not leave the land they were bound to, and could marry only with their lord's permission. Serfs who occupied a plot of land were required to work for the lord of the manor who owned that land. In return, they were entitled to protection, justice, and the right to cultivate certain fields within the manor to maintain their own subsistence. Serfs were ofte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galician Slaughter
The Galician Slaughter, also known as the Galician Rabacja, peasant uprising, Peasant Uprising of 1846 or the Szela uprising (german: Galizischer Bauernaufstand; pl, Rzeź galicyjska or ''Rabacja galicyjska''), was a two-month uprising of poverty in Austrian Galicia, impoverished Galicia (Eastern Europe), Galician Eastern European peasants that led to the suppression of the szlachta uprising (Kraków Uprising) and the massacre of szlachta in Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Galicia, in the Austrian Partition zone, in early 1846. The uprising, which lasted from February to March, primarily affected the lands around the town of Tarnów.rabacja galicyjska in Internetowa encyklopedia PWN A revolt against serfdom, it was directed against manorial property and oppression (such as the manorial prisons). Galicia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Gdów
The Battle of Gdow (Polish language: Bitwa pod Gdowem) took place on February 26, 1846 near Gdow, Free City of Krakow. It was the only battle of the Krakow Uprising: a 380-strong rebel unit commanded by Jakub Suchorzewski was defeated by a 480-strong Austrian Army detachment under Ludwig von Benedek. The Austrians were supported by some 500 local peasants (see Galician slaughter). Rebel losses were estimated at 154 killed in action, while Austrian losses were negligible. Background After the Krakow Uprising had begun, an Austrian detachment under Colonel Ludwig von Benedek left Tarnów, heading towards Krakow. Von Benedek had almost 500 men, including 330 infantry and 150 cavalry. Along the way, his unit was reinforced by local peasants from several villages, such as Marszowice, Nieznanowice and Pierzchow. The peasants were promised a hundredweight of salt and 5 Cracow zlotys for each captured rebel. Battle Meanwhile, a rebel unit of 380 men (mostly residents of Craco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Attack Of Polish Krakusi On Russians In Proszowice 1846
Attack may refer to: Warfare and combat * Offensive (military) * Charge (warfare) * Attack (fencing) * Strike (attack) * Attack (computing) * Attack aircraft Books and publishing * ''The Attack'' (novel), a book * '' Attack No. 1'', comic and animation * Attack! Books, a publisher * ''Attack!'' (publication), a tabloid publication of the National Alliance established in 1969. The name was changed to '' National Vanguard'' in 1978 * ''Der Angriff'', a.k.a. ''The Attack'', a newspaper franchise * In newspaper headlines, to save space, sometimes " criticise" Films and television * Attack! The Battle of New Britain a 1944 American armed forces documentary film * ''Attack'' (1956 film), also known as ''Attack!'', a 1956 American war film * ''Attack'' (2016 film), a 2016 Telugu film * ''Attack'' (2022 film), a 2022 Hindi film * ''The Attack'' (1966 film), an Australian television play * ''The Attack'' (2012 film), a 2012 film directed by Ziad Doueiri * "The Attack" (''Au ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dictator
A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute power. A dictatorship is a state ruled by one dictator or by a small clique. The word originated as the title of a Roman dictator elected by the Roman Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency (see Roman dictator and ''justitium''). Like the term ''tyrant'', and to a lesser degree ''autocrat'', ''dictator'' came to be used almost exclusively as a non-titular term for oppressive rule. In modern usage the term ''dictator'' is generally used to describe a leader who holds or abuses an extraordinary amount of personal power. Dictatorships are often characterised by some of the following: suspension of elections and civil liberties; proclamation of a state of emergency; rule by decree; repression of political opponents; not abiding by the procedures of the rule of law, and the existence of a cult of personality centered on the leader. Dictatorships are often one-party or dominant-party states. A wide variety of leade ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michał Wiszniewski
Michał Wiszniewski (27 September 1794 – 22 December 1865) was a Polish philosopher, psychologist, and literary historian. Life Wiszniewski graduated from the celebrated Krzemieniec Lyceum (secondary school), where he subsequently taught for a time. In 1831 he became a professor at Kraków's Jagiellonian University. He was a conservative activist during the Kraków Uprising of 1846. In 1848 he emigrated to Italy. Wiszniewski was an epigone of the Polish Enlightenment, and at the same time a precursor of Positivism. He authored a pioneering book on ''Characters of Human Minds'', which is regarded as the first Polish work in the field of psychology.Information from the Polish Wikipedia article on "Michał Wiszniewski", 17 April 2009, 13:51, edition. Works * ''Bacona metoda tłumaczenia natury'' (Bacon's Method of Explaining Nature; 1834) * ''Charaktery rozumów ludzkich'' (Characters of Human Minds; 1837, English edition 185* ''O rozumie ludzkim (On the Human Mind; 1848) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jagiellonian University
The Jagiellonian University (Polish: ''Uniwersytet Jagielloński'', UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and the 13th oldest university in continuous operation in the world. It is regarded as Poland's most prestigious academic institution. The university has been viewed as a guardian of Polish culture, particularly for continuing operations during the partitions of Poland and the two World Wars, as well as a significant contributor to the intellectual heritage of Europe. The campus of the Jagiellonian University is centrally located within the city of Kraków. The university consists of thirteen main faculties, in addition to three faculties composing the Collegium Medicum. It employs roughly 4,000 academics and provides education to more than 35,000 students who study in 166 fields. The main language of instruction is Polish, although around 30 degrees are offered in Engli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Revolution
The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while phrases like ''liberté, égalité, fraternité'' reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution, and inspired campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage. The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day. Its causes are generally agreed to be a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the ''Ancien Régime'' proved unable to manage. In May 1789, widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates General, which was converted into a National Assembly in June. Continuing unrest culminated in the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July, which led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universal Suffrage
Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise, general suffrage, and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens, regardless of wealth, income, gender, social status, race, ethnicity, or political stance, subject only to certain exceptions as in the case of children, felons, and for a time, women.Suffrage ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. In its original 19th-century usage by reformers in Britain, ''universal suffrage'' was understood to mean only ; the vote was extended to women later, during the |
Corvée
Corvée () is a form of unpaid, forced labour, that is intermittent in nature lasting for limited periods of time: typically for only a certain number of days' work each year. Statute labour is a corvée imposed by a state for the purposes of public works. As such it represents a form of levy (taxation). Unlike other forms of levy, such as a tithe, a corvée does not require the population to have land, crops or cash. The obligation for tenant farmers to perform corvée work for landlords on private landed estates was widespread throughout history before the Industrial Revolution. The term is most typically used in reference to medieval and early modern Europe, where work was often expected by a feudal landowner (of their vassals), or by a monarch of their subjects. The application of the term is not limited to that time or place; the corvée has existed in modern and ancient Egypt, ancient Sumer, ancient Rome, China, Japan, everywhere in continental Europe, the Incan civi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wieliczka Mine
The Wieliczka Salt Mine ( pl, Kopalnia soli Wieliczka) is a salt mine in the town of Wieliczka, near Kraków in southern Poland. From Neolithic times, sodium chloride (table salt) was produced there from the upwelling brine. The Wieliczka salt mine, excavated from the 13th century, produced table salt continuously until 2007, as one of the world's oldest operating salt mines. Throughout its history, the royal salt mine was operated by the ''Żupy Krakowskie'' (Kraków Salt Mines) company."Wieliczka – The Salt of the Earth" at the WieliczkaSaltMine.net. . Ancient ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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