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Katowice Massacre
The Katowice massacre or the Bloody Monday in Katowice that took place on 4 September 1939 was one of the largest war crimes of the Wehrmacht during its invasion of Poland. On that day German Wehrmacht soldiers aided by the ''Freikorps'' militia executed about 80 of the Polish defenders of the city. Those defenders were self-defense militia volunteers, including former Silesian Insurgents, Polish Boy and Girl Scouts, and possibly a number of Polish soldier stragglers from retreating Polish regular forces who joined the militia.Tomasz SudołZBRODNIE WEHRMACHTU NA JEŃCACH POLSKICH WE WRZEŚNIU 1939 ROKU Biuro Edukacji Publicznej IPN Defense of Katowice The town of Katowice, close to the Polish-German border, was not defended by the Polish Army during the battle of the border, with regular army and some support formation abandoning it by 2 September. The German forces which took it on 4 September had only to deal with some remaining irregular Polish self-defense militia unit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Memorial To Polish Boy Scouts From 1939
A memorial is an object or place which serves as a focus for the memory or the commemoration of something, usually an influential, deceased person or a historical, tragic event. Popular forms of memorials include landmark objects or works of art such as sculptures, statues or fountains and parks. Larger memorials may be known as monuments. Types The most common type of memorial is the gravestone or the memorial plaque. Also common are war memorials commemorating those who have died in wars. Memorials in the form of a cross are called intending crosses. Online memorials are often created on websites and social media to allow digital access as an alternative to physical memorials which may not be feasible or easily accessible. When somebody has died, the family may request that a memorial gift (usually money) be given to a designated charity, or that a tree be planted in memory of the person. Those temporary or makeshift memorials are also called grassroots memorials.''Gra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ciepielów, Masovian Voivodeship
Ciepielów is a village in Poland, in southern part of the Mazovian Voivodeship. It is a capital of a gmina in the powiat of Lipsko, on the Iłżanka River, near Radom. In 1998 it had approximately 750 inhabitants and two minor construction materials plants. It lies approximately north-west of Lipsko and south of Warsaw. Ciepielów belongs to the historic province of Lesser Poland, and for centuries the village belonged to Sandomierz Voivodeship. It used to be a town from 1548 until 1870. History Ciepielów was founded by the Kazanowski family on the old trade route linking Sandomierz with Warsaw, at the ford at Iłżanka River, as the central point of their domain. Rotmistrz Marcin Kazanowski in 1548 was awarded by King Zygmunt August the right to grant the village with a city charter. In 1597 the town was granted with Magdeburg Law by Sigismund III Vasa and was allowed for creation of trade unions, which allowed it to become a notable centre of commerce in the area. Ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massacres In 1939
A massacre is the killing of a large number of people or animals, especially those who are not involved in any fighting or have no way of defending themselves. A massacre is generally considered to be morally unacceptable, especially when perpetrated by a group of political actors against defenseless victims. The word is a loan of a French term for "butchery" or "carnage". A "massacre" is not necessarily a "crime against humanity". Other terms with overlapping scope include war crime, pogrom, mass killing, mass murder, and extrajudicial killing. Etymology The modern definition of ''massacre'' as "indiscriminate slaughter, carnage", and the subsequent verb of this form, derive from late 16th century Middle French, evolved from Middle French ''"macacre, macecle"'' meaning "slaughterhouse, butchery". Further origins are dubious, though may be related to Latin ''macellum'' "provisions store, butcher shop". The Middle French word ''macecr'' "butchery, carnage" is first recor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Synagogue (Katowice)
Great Synagogue was the largest synagogue in the city of Katowice (Kattowitz), in southwestern Poland. It was erected in 1900 in what was then the German Empire, and was designed by Max Grünfeld. The synagogue was set on fire by the Nazis in early September 1939 during the invasion of Poland.12.07.2005 Obrona Katowic we Wrześniu 1939 r. S 56.2003. Postanowienie o umorzeniu śledztwa IPN. 2005 History The plans to raise a new synagogue in Katowice arose around 1890, when the Old Synagogue (Katowice) became too small for the local worshippers. The construction begun in 1896, and the ar ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Częstochowa Massacre
The Częstochowa massacre, also known as the Bloody Monday, was committed by the German ''Wehrmacht'' forces beginning on the 4th day of World War II in the Polish city of Częstochowa, between 4 and 6 September 1939. The shootings, beatings and plunder continued for three days in more than a dozen separate locations around the city. Approximately 1,140 Polish civilians (150 of whom were ethnically Jewish), were murdered. Background The city of Częstochowa (population 117,000 in 1931) was overrun by the German Army on 3 September 1939 without a fight, during the German invasion of Poland, as the Polish Army "Kraków" units of the 7th Infantry Division, stationing there, had withdrawn the previous day. Many able-bodied men left the city along with the Polish soldiers. The 42 Infantry Regiment "Bayreuth" of the Wehrmacht's 10th Army entered the city early in the afternoon. On that day, their guns were not loaded, as the Wehrmacht command was more concerned with the ris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zambrów Massacre
The Zambrów massacre was a war crime that took place on the night of 13–14 September 1939. It was one of the major war crimes of the Wehrmacht during the invasion of Poland. During that night, the makeshift prisoner-of-war camp in Zambrów was disturbed by a number of panicked horses, and more than 200 Polish soldiers, trying to move out of their way, were gunned down by German sentries.Tomasz SudołZBRODNIE WEHRMACHTU NA JEŃCACH POLSKICH WE WRZEŚNIU 1939 ROKU Biuro Edukacji Publicznej IPN Some witnesses later said the horses had been purposely released into the camp by the German sentries, who used the incident as a pretext to massacre the prisoners. Background Tactical situation The , lasting from 11 to 13 September 1939, involved units of Polish General Czesław Młot-Fijałkowski's Special Operation Group "Narew", particularly the Polish 18th Infantry Division under command of Colonel Stefan Kossecki, facing an offensive by the German XIX Army Corps under General He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zambrów
Zambrów is a town in northeastern Poland with 21,166 inhabitants (2020). It is the capital of Zambrów County. Situated in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Łomża Voivodeship (1975–1998). History The name of the town comes from the term ''ząbr'', which means a place where ''żubry'' (European bison) gather. The first mention of the town comes from 1283, during which the town was the property of the Masovian Dukes of the Piast dynasty within fragmented Poland, and it got its city laws (Chełmno law) in 1430. The greatest development of the city came during the 15th and 16th centuries. The mid-17th-century Swedish Deluge brought an end to the prosperity of the city as much of it was destroyed. It was annexed by Prussia in the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. In 1807 it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw, and after its dissolution in 1815, it fell to the Russian Partition of Poland. During both the January and Nov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massacre In Zakroczym
The Massacre in Zakroczym, Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ..., took place on 28 September 1939 when, in spite of a cease-fire, soldiers of Panzerdivision Kempf stormed Polish positions at Zakroczym, where soldiers from the 2nd Infantry Division were getting ready to surrender. Hundreds of Polish soldiers were murdered.Szymon Datner: Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu na jeńcach wojennych w II wojnie światowej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo MON, 1961. The rest were beaten and abused. Many civilians were killed or wounded. German troops broke into houses, robbed them, set on fire, and tossed hand grenades into the basements filled with scared civilians. Kazimierz Szczerbatko estimated, based on the testimony of the eyewitnesses, that the Germans killed around 500 soldiers and 100 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zakroczym
Zakroczym (; yi, זאקראטשין ''Zakrotshin'') is a small town in the Masovian Voivodeship, Poland. It is located at around . The Vistula River flows through the town. Zakroczym has a long and rich history: in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, it was the capital of an administrative unit (ziemia), part of Mazovian Voivodeship. Also, Zakroczym was a royal town of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. The town lies at the intersection of two main roads - national road 62, and national road 7. Name The name of Zakroczym comes from ancient Polish word ''zakrot'', which means river crossing. Originally, the town was located closer to the Vistula river, and was called Kroczym or Kroczyn. Due to numerous floods, Zakroczym was moved to a higher location. History * c. 1155 - first mention of the gord and settlement of Zakroczym, property of Benedictine Monastery from Mogilno, * 8 June 1335. Mazovian dukes Siemowit II and Trojden I renew here truc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Szczucin
Szczucin is a town in Dąbrowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Szczucin. It lies approximately north-east of Dąbrowa Tarnowska, north of Tarnów and east of the regional capital Kraków. The town has a population of 4,069. It is located on the Vistula river. History First mention of Szczucin (then known as ''Sucin'', later ''Sczucin'') comes from 1326, and it refers to a local parish church, which means that it must have been built earlier. The name of the town probably comes from a 14th-century owner of the location, a man named ''Szczuka''. Due to town's location on the Vistula, a river port was established here. Timber from the Sandomierz Forest was brought here, loaded on ships and hauled to Gdańsk, the biggest port of the Kingdom of Poland. Furthermore, Szczucin was a crossing point of the Vistula, along a north–south merchant trail. Administratively, Szczucin was located in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sochaczew Massacre
Sochaczew () is a town in central Poland, with 38,300 inhabitants (2004). In the Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999), formerly in Skierniewice Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Sochaczew County. Sochaczew has a narrow-gauge railway museum with a line that runs as far as Wilcze Tułowskie. 750 mm-gauge steam trains run on the line on Saturdays from spring to the end of summer. History Sochaczew was first mentioned in documents from 1138, when the Duke of Poland Bolesław III Wrymouth died at a local Benedictine monastery. By 1221 Sochaczew had already been an important center of administration, and a seat of a castellan, who lived in a defensive gord. The town prospered due to its location at the intersection of main merchant routes (from Kalisz to Ciechanów, and from Warsaw to Poznań). In the first half of the 13th century, construction of two churches began; both were completed and consecrated by the Bishop of Płock in 1257. Some time in the mid-14th ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sochaczew
Sochaczew () is a town in central Poland, with 38,300 inhabitants (2004). In the Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999), formerly in Skierniewice Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Sochaczew County. Sochaczew has a narrow-gauge railway museum with a line that runs as far as Wilcze Tułowskie. 750 mm-gauge steam trains run on the line on Saturdays from spring to the end of summer. History Sochaczew was first mentioned in documents from 1138, when the Duke of Poland Bolesław III Wrymouth died at a local Benedictine monastery. By 1221 Sochaczew had already been an important center of administration, and a seat of a castellan, who lived in a defensive gord. The town prospered due to its location at the intersection of main merchant routes (from Kalisz to Ciechanów, and from Warsaw to Poznań). In the first half of the 13th century, construction of two churches began; both were completed and consecrated by the Bishop of Płock in 1257. Some time in the mid-14th cent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
