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Kurdish–Turkish Conflict
Kurdish nationalism, Kurdish nationalist uprisings have periodically occurred in Turkey, beginning with the Turkish War of Independence and the consequent transition from the Ottoman Empire to the modern Turkish state and continuing to the present day with the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present), current PKK–Turkey conflict. According to Ottoman military records, Timeline of Kurdish uprisings, Kurdish rebellions have been occurring in Anatolia for over two centuries. While large tribal Kurdish revolts had shaken the Ottoman Empire during the last decades of its existence, the modern phase of the conflict is believed to have begun in 1922, with the emergence of Kurdish nationalism which occurred in parallel with the formation of the modern State of Turkey. In 1925, an Sheikh Said rebellion, uprising for an independent Kurdistan, led by Sheikh Said, Shaikh Said Piran, was quickly put down, and soon afterward, Said and 36 of his followers were executed. Other large-scale ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dersim Rebellion
The Dersim massacre, also known as Dersim genocide, was carried out by the Turkish military over the course of three operations in the Dersim Province (renamed Tunceli) against Kurds, Kurdish rebels of Kurdish Alevism, Alevi faith, and civilians in 1937 and 1938. Although most Kurds in Dersim remained in their home villages, notes that "Dersim rebellion" is a label applied by some and contested by others thousands were killed and many others were expelled to other parts of Turkey. Twenty tons of “Chloracetophenone, Chloracetophenon, Iprit, Iperit and so on” were ordered and used in the massacre. According to Turkish Army general Osman Pamukoğlu, in the 1990s, the Dersim massacre was carried on the operational order of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. On 23 November 2011, Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan apologized for the massacre, describing it as "one of the most tragic events of our near history" adding that, whilst some sought to justify it as a legitimate response to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Free Women's Units
The Free Women's Units (), shortened from the Kurdish name as YJA STAR, was the women's military wing of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). YJA STAR operates according to jineology, the feminist philosophy developed by the Kurdish ideological leader, Abdullah Öcalan Abdullah Öcalan ( ; ; born 4 April 1948 or 1949), also known as Apo (short for Abdullah in Turkish; Kurdish for "uncle"), is a founding member of the militant Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Öcalan was based in Syria from 1979 to 1998. He .... On 12 May 2025, the Kurdistan Workers' Party announced it would disband as part of a peace initiative with Turkey. See also *'' Gulîstan, Land of Roses'', a 2016 documentary film about women PKK fighters References All-female military units and formations Apoist organizations in Turkey Anti-ISIL factions in Turkey Kurdish organisations Kurdistan Workers' Party Left-wing militant groups in Turkey Military wings of socialist parties Rebel groups in Tu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fevzi Çakmak
Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak (12 January 1876 – 10 April 1950) was a Turkish field marshal (''Mareşal (Turkey), Mareşal'') and politician. He served as the Chief of General Staff from 1918 and 1919 and later the Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire), Minister of War of the Ottoman Empire in 1920. He later joined the provisional Government of the Grand National Assembly and became the Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey, Deputy Prime Minister, Ministry of National Defense (Turkey), Minister of National Defense and later as the Prime Minister of Turkey from 1921 to 1922. He was the second List of the Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff, Chief of the General Staff of the provisional Government of the Grand National Assembly, Ankara Government and the first Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey. Graduating from the War College as a Staff (military), Staff Captain (land), Captain and assigned to the 4th Department of the General Staff, Mustafa Fevzi participated in numerous ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kâzım Orbay
Mehmet Kâzım Orbay (11 March 1887 – 3 June 1964) was a Turkish general and senator. He served as the third Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces. Biography Kâzım Orbay was born in Smyrna (present day: İzmir), Ottoman Empire in 1887. He graduated from Mühendishâne-i Berrî-i Hümâyûn (Imperial School of Military Engineering) and joined the army in the rank of an artillery lieutenant in 1904. After finishing the Staff College in 1907, he became a staff officer. In 1908, he attended military courses in Germany. In 1912-1913, he fought in the Balkan Wars. He was appointed chief adjutant of the Ministry of War in the Ottoman cabinet and served under Enver Pasha during World War I. In 1915, he was the Ottoman representative in the Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition to Afghanistan. He presented to Emir Habibullah Khan the Ottoman Sultan's declaration of ''jihad'': a call to all Islamic peoples (including Afghanistan) to join the Central Powers and attack ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
İsmet İnönü
Mustafa İsmet İnönü (24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish politician and military officer who served as the second List of Presidents of Turkey, president of Turkey from 1938 to 1950, and as its Prime Minister of Turkey, prime minister three times: from 1923 to 1924, 1925 to 1937, and 1961 to 1965. İnönü is acknowledged by many as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's right-hand man, with their friendship going back to the Caucasus campaign. In the Turkish War of Independence, Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, he served as the first Chief of the Turkish General Staff, chief of the General Staff from 1922 to 1924 for the Turkish Land Forces, regular Turkish army, during which he commanded forces during the First Battle of İnönü, First and Second Battle of İnönü, Second Battles of İnönü, Eskişehir, İnönü. Atatürk bestowed İsmet with the surname İnönü, the site of the battles, when the 1934 Surname Law was adopted. He was also chief negotiator in the Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naci Eldeniz
Abdüllâtif Naci Eldeniz (1875 – March 20, 1948) was an officer of the Ottoman Army, a general of the Turkish Army, and a politician of the Republic of Turkey.Türk Parlamento Tarihi Araştırma Grubu, ''Türk Parlamento Tarihi, III. Dönem 1927–1931 – III. Cilt: III. Dönem Milletvekillerin Özgeçmişleri'', Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Vakfı Yayınları, Ankara, 1995, , pp. 168–169. Works *''Tapsıra'' *''Transval'' *''Rus-Japon Harbi'' *''Mukden Muharebesi'' (translation) *''Sevk ve Muharebe Talimnamesi'' (translation) *''Rumeli Mersiyesi'' (poem) Medals and decorations *Order of the Medjidie 2nd class *Silver Medal of Imtiyaz *Austria-Hungary Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary) *Prussia Order of the Red Eagle 2nd class *Prussia Order of the Crown (Prussia) 2nd class * Medal of Independence with Red Ribbon & Citation See also *List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence This list includes high-ranking commanders who took part in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mürsel Bakû
Mürsel Bakû (1881; Erzurum – 2 February 1945; Istanbul) was a Turkish officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army. He took part in the Caucasus campaign and commanded a contingent of the Ottoman forces during the Battle of Baku. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he was arrested by the British in January 1919, prosecuted for war crimes and deported to Malta as one of the Malta Exiles. After his return from detention in Malta, he joined the forces of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and took part in the recapture of Smyrna from Greek forces during the Turkish War of Independence in September 1922. He was the general of the Seventh Army, which took part in the defense of Diyarbakır during the Sheikh Said Rebellion in 1924–1925. See also *List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence This list includes high-ranking commanders who took part in the Turkish War of Independence: See also * Turkish State Cemetery#Buri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kâzım İnanç
Kâzım İnanç (1880 – 21 September 1938) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army. He was of Kurdish origin. (in Turkish) See also *List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence
This list includes high-ranking commanders who took part in the Turkish War of Independence:
See also
* Turkish State Cemetery#Burials
* List of recipients of the Medal of Independence w ...
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Major (rank)
Major is a senior military Officer (armed forces), officer military rank, rank used in many countries. When used unhyphenated and in conjunction with no other indicators, major is one rank above Captain (land), captain in armies and air forces, and one rank below lieutenant colonel. It is considered the most junior of the senior officer ranks. Background Etymologically, the word stems from the Latin word meaning "greater". The rank can be traced back to the rank of sergeant major general, which was shortened to sergeant major, and subsequently shortened to ''major''. When used in hyphenated or combined fashion, the term can also imply seniority at other levels of rank, including major general, denoting a low-level general officer, and sergeant major, denoting the most senior non-commissioned officer (NCO) of a military unit. The term major can also be used with a hyphen to denote the leader of a military band such as in Pipe-Major, pipe-major or drum-major. Links to major ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nureddin Pasha
Nureddin Ibrahim Pasha (; 1873 – 18 February 1932), known as Nureddin İbrahim Konyar Surname Law (Turkey), from 1934, was a Turkish people, Turkish military officer who served in the Ottoman Army (1861–1922), Ottoman Army during World War I and in the Turkish Army during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), Western Front of the Turkish War of Independence. He was called Bearded Nureddin () because being the only high-ranking Turkish officer during the Turkish War of Independence sporting a beard. He is known as one of the most important commanders of the war. He ordered several murders and massacres. Ottoman era He was born in 1873 in Bursa of Turkish people, Turkish descent. His father, Field Marshal (''Müşir'') İbrahim PashaT.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, p. 31. was a high-ranking officer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish field marshal and revolutionary statesman who was the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President of Turkey, president from 1923 until Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, his death in 1938. He undertook sweeping Atatürk's reforms, reforms, which modernized Turkey into a secularism in Turkey, secular, industrializing nation. Ideologically a Secularism, secularist and Turkish nationalism, nationalist, Atatürk's reforms, his policies and socio-political theories became known as Kemalism. He came to prominence for his role in securing the Ottoman victory at the Battle of Gallipoli (1915) during World War I. Although not directly involved in the Armenian genocide, his government would later grant immunity to remaining perpetrators. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, he led the Turkish National Movement, which resisted the Empire's partition ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurdistan Freedom Hawks
The Kurdistan Freedom Hawks, or TAK (), is a Kurdish nationalist militant group in Turkey seeking an independent Kurdish state in Turkish Kurdistan (eastern and southeastern Turkey). The group also opposes the Turkish government's policies towards Kurds in Turkey. It has been designated as a terrorist organization by the US, UK and Australian governments.Council Common Position 2008/586/CFSP updating Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism and repealing Common Position 2007/871/CFSP, ''Official Journal of the European Union'' L 188/71, 16.07.2008.eur-lex.europa.eu/ref> The group presents itself as a break-away faction of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) in open dissent with the PKK's readiness to compromise with the Turkish state. The PKK distances itself from the TAK, stating that the Turkish government uses the TAK to portray the PKK as a terrorist organization in the international arena, that the PKK only targets the Turkish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
