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Kurdish Democratic Party Of Iran
The Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI; ku, حیزبی دێموکراتی کوردستانی ئێران, Hîzbî Dêmukratî Kurdistanî Êran, HDKA; fa, حزب دموکرات کردستان ایران, Ḥezb-e Demokrāt-e Kordestān-e Īrān), also known as the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI), is an armed leftist ethnic party of Kurds in Iran, exiled in northern Iraq. It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly. The group calls for self-determination of Kurdish people and has been described as seeking either separatism or autonomy within a federal system. Since 1979, KDPI has waged a persistent guerrilla war against the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This included the 1979–1983 Kurdish insurgency, its 1989–1996 insurgency and recent clashes in 2016. Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps officials have called the party a terrorist organization. Hyeran Jo of Texas A&M University classifies KDPI as "compliant rebels", i.e. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mustafa Hijri
Mustafa Hijri ( ku, مستەفا ھیجری, fa, مصطفی هجری) is an Iranian-Kurdish politician who is the current leader of the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI). Political life Born in 1945 in the West Azarbaijan Province of Iran, Hijri graduated from the Teachers' College of Agriculture in Urumieh in 1963 and took up a post as a secondary school teacher in Saqqez. In 1970, he started studying Persian literature at Tehran University, where he obtained a bachelor's degree. On returning to his home town, he restarted teaching at the secondary schools and a college here. Playing a considerable role in the mass demonstrations held in 1978 against the Shah's regime where he won 90% of the votes, but the results, as in any electoral regions of Kurdistan, were announced null and void by the newly established Islamic Republic of Iran. Participating in the 4th Congress of the PDKI in 1979, he was elected as a member of the Central Committee, and a few months later, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qazi Muhammad
Qazi Muhammad ( ku, قازی محەممەد / Qazî Mihemed, fa, قاضی محمد; 1 May 1893 – 31 March 1947) was an Kurdish leader who founded the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan and headed the short-lived, Soviet-backed Republic of Mahabad. He was hanged by the Pahlavi dynasty for treason in 1947. Biography Qazi Muhammad was born into a noble Kurdish family from Mahabad. His father had cooperated with Simko Shikak during his revolt against the Iranian government in the 1920s, and his brother Sadr Qazi was a member of the Iranian parliament. After his father's death, he was nominated as a judge in Mahabad in the 1930s. Qazi Muhammad later became a member of the Komala Zhian I Kurd, a leading Kurdish organization in Iran at the time supported by the Soviets, in April 1945. Soon after he became its leader. Muhammad acted as the President of the Republic of Mahabad, which was founded in January 1946, and declared publicly in March of the same year. He was also the fou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iran–Iraq War
The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. It began with the Iraqi invasion of Iran and lasted for almost eight years, until the acceptance of United Nations Security Council Resolution 598 by both sides. Iraq's primary rationale for the attack against Iran cited the need to prevent Ruhollah Khomeini—who had spearheaded Iran's Islamic Revolution in 1979—from exporting the new Iranian ideology to Iraq; there were also fears among the Iraqi leadership of Saddam Hussein that Iran, a theocratic state with a population predominantly composed of Shia Muslims, would exploit sectarian tensions in Iraq by rallying Iraq's Shia majority against the Baʽathist government, which was officially secular and dominated by Sunni Muslims. Iraq also wished to replace Iran as the power player in the Persian Gulf, which was not seen as an achievable objective prior to the Islamic Revolution because of Pahlavi Iran's economi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KDPI–Komala Conflict
The conflict between the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI) and the Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan began when the latter refused to stop calling the former a "class enemy The term enemy of the people or enemy of the nation, is a designation for the political or class opponents of the subgroup in power within a larger group. The term implies that by opposing the ruling subgroup, the "enemies" in question are ac ..." and the tensions started to grow. Komala continued making anti-KDPI propaganda, and subsequently KDPI declared war on Komala. Both Kurdish organizations ended up simultaneously fighting against Iranian forces separately. References 20th century in Iran Wars involving Iran Iran–Iraq relations 20th-century conflicts Kurdish rebellions in Iran Iran–Iraq War {{iran-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consolidation Of The Iranian Revolution
The consolidation of the Iranian Revolution refers to a turbulent process of Islamic Republic stabilization, following the completion of the Islamic revolution. After the Shah of Iran and his regime were overthrown by Islamic revolutionaries in February 1979, Iran was in a "revolutionary crisis mode" from this time until 1982 or 1983. Its economy and the apparatus of government collapsed. Military and security forces were in disarray. Following the events of the Islamic revolution, Marxist guerrillas and federalist parties revolted in some regions comprising Khuzistan, Kurdistan, and Gonbad-e Qabus, which resulted in fighting between them and the Islamic forces. These revolts began in April 1979 and lasted for several months to more than a year, depending on the region. Recently published documents show that United States was afraid of those revolts. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski discussed with his staff about a possible American invasion of Iran by using Turkish b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1979 Kurdish Rebellion In Iran
The 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran is an event which erupted in mid-March 1979, two months after the completion of the Iranian Revolution. It subsequently became the largest among the Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution, nationwide uprisings in Iran against the new state and one of the most intense Kurdish separatism in Iran, Kurdish rebellions in modern Iran. Initially, Kurdish movements were trying to align with the new government of Iran, seeking to emphasize their Muslim identity and seek common ground with other Iranians. The Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan, KDPI even briefly branded itself as a ''Kurdish separatism in Iran, non-separatist'' organization, allegedly criticizing those calling for independence, but nevertheless calling for political autonomy.Denise, N. ''The Kurds And the State: Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey, And Iran'': p.144–45. 2005. Syracuse University Press. "Free to discuss its political views, the KDPI came out of thirty years ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1967 Kurdish Revolt In Iran
The 1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran erupted in March 1967, as part of the long-running Iranian-Kurdish conflict. Abrahamian describes the revolt as a Marxist insurgency with the aim of establishing autonomy for Kurds in Iran, modeled as a federal republic. The revolt, consolidating several tribal uprisings which had begun in 1966, was inspired by the First Iraqi–Kurdish War in neighboring Iraq and enjoyed the support of the recovering Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran,Benjamin Smith. ''Land and Rebellion: Kurdish Separatism in Comparative Perspective''.P.10. "The Kurds of Iran: Opportunistic and Failed Resistance, 1918‐"/ref> previously crushed during the 1946 Iran crisis. The 1967 revolt, coordinated into a semi-organized campaign in the Mahabad-Urumiya region by the revived KDPI party, was entirely subdued by the central Iranian government. Background By 1941, when Reza Shah was deposed by the occupying British, his government had had some success in "pacifying" Kurdish tribes. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iran Crisis Of 1946
The Iran crisis of 1946, also known as the Azerbaijan Crisis () in the Iranian sources, was one of the first crises of the Cold War, sparked by the refusal of Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union to relinquish occupied Iranian territory, despite repeated assurances. The end of World War II should have resulted in the end of the Allied joint occupation of Iran. Instead, pro-Soviet Iranians proclaimed the separatist Azerbaijan People's Government and the Kurdish separatist Republic of Mahabad. The United States pressure on the Soviet Union to withdraw is the earliest evidence of success with the new strategy of Truman Doctrine and containment. In August–September 1941, Pahlavi Iran had been jointly invaded and occupied by the Allied powers of the Soviet Red Army in the north and by the British in the centre and south. Iran was used by the Americans and the British as a transportation route to provide vital supplies to the Soviet Union's war efforts. In the aftermath of the occupatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle East Research And Information Project
The Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP) is a non-profit independent research group established in 1971, that has released reports and position papers on various Middle East conflicts. Its most prominent publication is ''Middle East Report'', which is published both online and as a print magazine. History Originally started by a group of anti-Vietnam war activists, MERIP began in 1971 by releasing an irregularly scheduled six-page newsletter called the ''MERIP Reports''. In 1973, the group began releasing the ''Reports'' on a scheduled basis. Joe Stork was the long-time editor of the ''Middle East Report''.American Expressions of Relief over Iran-Iraq Peace, AMERICAN EXPRESSIONS OF RELIEF OVER IRAN-IRAQ PEACE, St. Paul Pioneer Press, Aug 22, 1988. MERIP is partners with the independent publishing house Pluto Press Pluto Press is a British independent book publisher based in London, founded in 1969. Originally, it was the publishing arm of the International ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coalition Front Of Freedom-Seeking Parties
Coalition Front of Freedom-Seeking Parties or United Front of Progressive Parties ( fa, جبهه مؤتلف احزاب آزادیخواه, Jebha-ye Moʾtalef-e Ahzāb-e Āāzādī-ḵᵛāh) was a political alliance of left-wing parties in Iran from 1946 to 1948. Having originally been founded by the communist Tudeh Party and the socialist Iran Party, they invited other parties to join them in their alleged struggle for "social progress and national independence". One of the main planks of the united front was to recognize Central Council of United Trade Unions as the sole legitimate organization of the working-class in Iran. Member parties * Tudeh Party of Iran (founding member) * Iran Party (joined in June 1946, left in January 1947) * Socialist Party (founding member) * Jungle Party (joined on 29 October 1946) * Democratic Party of Kurdistan (joined on 29 October 1946) * Democratic Party of Azerbaijan (joined on 29 October 1946) References 1946 establishments in Iran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Council Of Resistance Of Iran
The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI; fa, شورای ملی مقاومت ایران, Šurā-ye melli-e moqāvemat-e Īrān) is an Iranian political organization based in France and Albania. The organization is a political coalition calling to overthrow the Islamic Republic of Iran. The coalition is made up of different Iranian dissident groups, with its main member being the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK). Both organizations are considered to be led by Massoud Rajavi and his wife Maryam Rajavi. The NCRI is also recognized as the MEK's diplomatic wing opposing the Islamic Republic.Kenneth KatzmanDocument No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048 in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) ''Global Stability and U.S. National Security,'' Oxford University Press, 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.Sasan Fayazmanesh ''The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment,'' Routledge, 2008 pp.79,81. In 2002, the NCRI expos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Congress Of Nationalities For A Federal Iran
The Congress of Nationalities for a Federal Iran is a political alliance of political parties and advocacy groups, mostly underground or exiled, which campaigns for the replacement of the current Islamist government system in Iran with a secular, democratic, federal government. It has also called for antipersonnel landmines to be banned in Iran. Many of the member groups are concurrent advocates for the rights or self-determination of non-Persian Iranians, including Azeris, Kurds, Arabs, Turkmen, and Baloch. The organization grew out of a conference held in London on 20 February 2005. Member organizations *Azerbaijan Cultural Society *Balochistan National Movement – Iran *Balochistan People's Party *Balochistan United Front of Iran *Organisation of Kurmanj People (The Kurds in the region of North of Khorasan) *Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan *Democratic Solidarity Party of al-Ahwaz *Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan *Organization for Defence of the Rights of Turkmen Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
