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Kreis Kulm
The district of Kulm was a Prussian district in the Marienwerder (region), Marienwerder administrative region, which existed from 1772 to 1920. The district capital was Chełmno, Kulm. Today the territory of the district lies in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. History The area of the Kulm district became part of Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia after the First Partition of Poland in 1772. The district covered most of the historic region of Chełmno Land. On 30 April 1815 the area became part of the new Marienwerder administrative region of the province of West Prussia. As part of a comprehensive district reform, the old Kulm district was significantly reduced in size on 1 April 1818. The southern parts of the Kulm district formed part of the new district of Toruń, Thorn and the northern parts formed the new district of Grudziądz, Graudenz. The district of Kulm now included the towns of Chełmno, Kulm and Wąbrzeźno, Briesen. From 3 December 1829 to 1 April 1878 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prussia
Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government to German Chancellor Franz von Papen in 1932 and ''de jure'' by an Allied decree in 1947. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, expanding its size with the Prussian Army. Prussia, with its capital at Königsberg and then, when it became the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, Berlin, decisively shaped the history of Germany. In 1871, Prussian Minister-President Otto von Bismarck united most German principalities into the German Empire under his leadership, although this was considered to be a "Lesser Germany" because Austria and Switzerland were not included. In November 1918, the monarchies were abolished and the nobility lost its political power during the Ger ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Province Of Prussia
The Province of Prussia (; ; pl, Prowincja Prusy; csb, Prowincjô Prësë) was a province of Prussia from 1829 to 1878. Prussia was established as a province of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1829 from the provinces of East Prussia and West Prussia, and was dissolved in 1878 when the merger was reversed. Königsberg (present-day Kaliningrad, Russia) was the provincial capital. History Ducal Prussia became part of Brandenburg-Prussia in 1618, and became the Kingdom of Prussia upon Frederick I of Prussia's coronation as king in 1701. After the coronation, the term "Province of Prussia" was used to designate East Prussia to differentiate the former duchy's territory within the larger kingdom. Royal Prussia (consisting of the Malbork Land and Warmia which were parts of historical Prussia, but also of historically Polish Pomerelia) was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772 during the First Partition of Poland, placing them under Prussian r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurt Schumacher
Curt Ernst Carl Schumacher, better known as Kurt Schumacher (13 October 1895 – 20 August 1952), was a German politician who became chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany from 1946 and the first Leader of the Opposition in the West German Bundestag in 1949; he served in both positions until his death. An opponent of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer's government but an even stronger opponent of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in East Germany, he was one of the founding fathers of postwar German democracy. He was an opponent of reactionary and revolutionary forces, the Nazi Party and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) during the Weimar Republic and described the KPD as "red-painted Nazis". Early life and career Schumacher was born in Kulm in West Prussia (now Chełmno in Poland), the son of a small businessman who was a member of the liberal German Free-minded Party and deputy in the municipal assembly. The young man was a brilliant student, but when the First W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heinz Guderian
Heinz Wilhelm Guderian (; 17 June 1888 – 14 May 1954) was a German general during World War II who, after the war, became a successful memoirist. An early pioneer and advocate of the " blitzkrieg" approach, he played a central role in the development of the panzer division concept. In 1936, he became the Inspector of Motorized Troops. At the beginning of the Second World War, Guderian led an armoured corps in the Invasion of Poland. During the Invasion of France, he commanded the armoured units that attacked through the Ardennes forest and overwhelmed the Allied defenses at the Battle of Sedan. He led the 2nd Panzer Army during Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The campaign ended in failure after the German offensive Operation Typhoon failed to capture Moscow, after which Guderian was dismissed. In early 1943, Adolf Hitler appointed Guderian to the newly created position of Inspector General of Armoured Troops. In this role, he had broad responsi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unisław, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
Unisław () is a village in Chełmno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Unisław. It lies approximately south of Chełmno, north-west of Toruń, and east of Bydgoszcz. It is located in the Chełmno Land in the historic region of Pomerania. Unisław and its surroundings is one of the main areas of peppermint cultivation in Poland, and the Unisław peppermint is an officially protected traditional food, as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland. History The village was mentioned in a document of Duke Konrad I of Masovia in 1222. During the German occupation (World War II), in 1939, many Poles from Unisław, including teachers, priests and the local school principal, were murdered by the Germans in large massacres of Poles committed in nearby Klamry, Płutowo and Małe Czyste as part of the ''Intelligenzaktion''. In October 1940, the occupie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lisewo
Lisewo (german: Lissewo, 1942-45: Lissen) is a village in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship in north-central Poland. The village is the seat of Gmina Lisewo, a part of Chełmno County. Lisewo is situated 33 km north of Toruń and 20 km east of Chełmno along an important transport and communication route. The closest towns are Chełmża (13 km) and Wąbrzeźno (17 km). It lies approximately south-east of Chełmno and north of Toruń. Lisewo municipality spreads over an area of 8620 ha and is inhabited by 5,500 people, of which most are farmers. Local agriculture is dominated by individual farming. 80% of regional benefit is gained by agriculture, whereas only 0.3% derives from forestry. History The oldest known mention of the village comes from 1293. During the German occupation (World War II), Lisewo was one of the sites of executions of Poles, carried out by the Germans in 1939 as part of the ''Intelligenzaktion''. Local Polish teachers were murdered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kijewo Królewskie
Kijewo Królewskie , meaning "Royal Kijewo", is a village in Chełmno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Kijewo Królewskie. It lies south of Chełmno, north-west of Toruń, and north-east of Bydgoszcz. It is located in the Chełmno Land in the historic region of Pomerania. History During the German occupation (World War II), inhabitants of Kijewo Królewskie were among the victims of a massacre of around 400 Poles committed in Małe Czyste in autumn 1939 as part of the ''Intelligenzaktion''. In December 1939–January 1940 and in October 1941, the occupiers also carried out expulsions of Poles, whose farms were then handed over to German colonists as part of the ''Lebensraum (, ''living space'') is a German concept of settler colonialism, the philosophy and policies of which were common to German politics from the 1890s to the 1940s. First popularized around 1901, '' ls ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kałdus
Kałdus is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chełmno, within Chełmno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies south of Chełmno Chełmno (; older en, Culm; formerly ) is a town in northern Poland near the Vistula river with 18,915 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is the seat of the Chełmno County in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. Due to its regional importan ..., north-west of Toruń, and north-east of Bydgoszcz. The village has a population of 230. References Villages in Chełmno County {{Chełmno-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Firlus
Firlus is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Papowo Biskupie, within Chełmno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies north-east of Papowo Biskupie Papowo Biskupie (German: ''Bischöflich Papau'') is a village in Chełmno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Papowo Biskupie. It lies south-east ..., south-east of Chełmno, and north of Toruń. References Villages in Chełmno County {{Chełmno-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dubielno, Chełmno County
Dubielno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Papowo Biskupie, within Chełmno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately east of Papowo Biskupie Papowo Biskupie (German: ''Bischöflich Papau'') is a village in Chełmno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Papowo Biskupie. It lies south-east ..., south-east of Chełmno, and north of Toruń. References Villages in Chełmno County {{Chełmno-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dąbrowa Chełmińska
Dąbrowa Chełmińska is a village in Bydgoszcz County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Dąbrowa Chełmińska. It lies east of Bydgoszcz and north-west of Toruń. It is located in Chełmno Land within the historic region of Pomerania. History The territory became a part of the emerging Polish state under its first historic ruler Mieszko I in the 10th century. In the 13th century, it passed under control of the Teutonic Knights as a fief of Poland. The village was first mentioned in 1285 as ''Damerowe''. In 1454, King Casimir IV Jagiellon reincorporated it to the Kingdom of Poland. In 1466, following the Thirteen Years' War, the Teutonic Knights renounced claims to the village, and recognized it as part of Poland. It was administratively located in the Chełmno Voivodeship. After the First Partition of Poland in 1772, it was annexed by Prussia. The Peace of Tilsit in July 18 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ostflucht
The ''Ostflucht'' (; "flight from the East") was the migration of Germans, in the later 19th century and early 20th century, from areas which were then eastern parts of Germany to more industrialized regions in central and western Germany. The migrants originated in East Prussia, West Prussia, Silesia, Pomerania and Posen; they moved to provinces along the Rhine and Ruhr rivers. Most of the migrants were ethnic Germans, but many migrants to the Ruhr were of Polish ethnicity, later known as '' Ruhrpolen''. Causes The United States, which had been the major destination of emigrants from the German East, lost much of its attraction when it stopped granting free land to settlers in 1893. At the same time, the Ruhr area prospered, leading to high demand for labor, especially in coal mining and heavy industries. This led to an East-to-West migration within the Kingdom of Prussia. Through 1907, 2,300,000 people emigrated from Prussia's eastern provinces (Pomerania, West Prussia, Eas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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