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Khimshiashvili
Khimshiashvili ( ka, ხიმშიაშვილი) was a surname of the Georgian noble families, with their bases in the regions of Kakheti and Adjara. A Kakhetian family was part of the princely nobility of Georgia and, then, of the Russian Empire, while the Adjarian Khimshiashvili were important frontier beys under the Ottoman Empire and wielded noticeable influence in this part of southwestern Caucasus throughout the 19th century. The Russians rendered their family name as Khimshiyev (russian: Химшиев) and as Adzharsky (Аджарский, "of Adjara"), while to the Turks they came to be known as Hamşioğlu. In Kakheti The Khimshiashvili were purportedly descended from the Abazasdze family, which first appears in the Georgian annals in the 11th century. Their likely eponymous forefather, Khimshia Abazasdze, fought Timur's invading army in 1399 and then was granted by the king of Georgia lands in Kakheti. According to the historian Cyril Toumanoff, the latter-day ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giorgi Khimshiashvili
Giorgi "Gogi" Khimshiashvili ( ka, გოგი ხიმშიაშვილი; 1892 – 20 May 1923) was a Georgian military officer prominent in the service of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921). He was executed by the Soviet authorities on charges of being part of an underground anti-Soviet organization. Giorgi Khimshiashvili was born in the noble family from the eastern Georgian region of Kakheti, then part of the Russian Empire. His father, Prince Nikoloz Khimshiashvili (Khimshiyev) was assassinated in 1910, as police concluded, for helping the authorities to reveal the murderers of Prince Ilia Chavchavadze, a leading Georgian writer and intellectual. Giorgi Khimshiashvili was educated at the in St. Petersburg and fought in the Russian ranks as cornet in World War I. He took part in the Caucasus and Persian campaigns. In 1918, when Georgia became an independent republic, Khimshiashvili was appointed as a commander of the cavalry in the People's Guard of G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sherip Khimshiashvili
Şerif Bey, Sherip Khimshiashvili ( ka, შერიფ ხიმშიაშვილი), or Sherif-Bek Adzharsky (russian: Шериф-бек Аджарский) (1829 or 7 January 1833 – 1892) was a Muslim Georgian nobleman (''bey'') of the Khimshiashvili from Adjara in the Ottoman service. He defected to the Russian Empire during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) and, thereby, was able to retain his property and accede to the rank of a general after the Russian takeover of Adjara. Early life and Ottoman service Şerif Bey was born in Khulo to Ahmed Paşa, an Ottoman general and a semi-autonomous hereditary ruler (''derebey'', "lord of the valleys") of Upper Adjara, and his wife, Dudi-Khanum Bezhanidze. At the time of his father's death in 1836, Şerif Bey was still in his minority and his mother administered the family's estates, while his uncle, Kor Hussein Bey, ''bey'' of the Penek valley, was regarded as the head of the Khimshiashvili clan. By the time Şerif Bey re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmed-Pasha Khimshiashvili
Ahmed Bey, subsequently Ahmed Paşa (1781 – October 1836) was a Islam in Georgia (country), Muslim Georgians, Georgian nobleman of the Khimshiashvili clan from Adjara, which he ruled as an autonomous ruler (''bey'') under the Ottoman Empire after 1818. He played a notable role in the Caucasus, Caucasian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1828–29) in which he failed to recapture Akhaltsikhe for the Ottomans, but checked Russian attempts to invade Adjara. Subsequently, Ahmed abandoned his earlier clandestine diplomacy with the Russians and served loyally to the Ottoman government as a commander in Kars and Erzurum. He died fighting the Kurds, Kurdish insurgents in 1836. Early career Ahmed Bey was a son of Selim Bey of Adjara, a ''derebey'' ("the lord of the valleys") of Upper Adjara, who was put to death, in 1815, for having opposed the Ottoman control of the Muslim Georgian fiefdoms. After this, Ahmed Bey and his brother Abdi Bey fled to their in-laws in the neighboring Georgia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selim Khimshiashvili
Selim Paşa (1755 – 3 June 1815) was a Georgian nobleman of the Khimshiashvili princedom and dukedom and a Beylerbey of Upper Adjara under the Ottoman suzerainty, but with considerable autonomy. His seizure of power in the Pashalik of Akhaltsikh and attempts to bring all of "Ottoman Georgia" under his rule led to a fallout with the sultan's government and a war which ended in Selim's death. Prince & Duke Selim Bey was a son and successor of Abdullah Bey, a Beylerbey ("the lord of the valleys") of Upper Adjara, who was killed at Aketi during his raid against the neighboring Georgian principality of Guria in 1784. Selim Bey cherished an ambition to bring all of the Ottoman possessions in Georgia under his autonomous rule. In 1802, he capitalized on a crisis in Akhaltsikh and seized control of it, declaring himself a new pasha. His adversary, Şerif Paşa, was able to dispossess him in June 1809, but Selim staged a comeback in 1812. His staunch opposition to the central Ottoman ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adjara
Adjara ( ka, აჭარა ''Ach’ara'' ) or Achara, officially known as the Autonomous Republic of Adjara ( ka, აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა ''Ach’aris Avt’onomiuri Resp’ublik’a'' ), is a political-administrative region of Georgia. Located in the country's southwestern corner, Adjara lies on the coast of the Black Sea near the foot of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, north of Turkey. It is an important tourist destination and includes Georgia's second most populous city of Batumi as its capital. About 350,000 people live on its . Adjara is home to the Adjarians, a regional subgroup of Georgians. The name can be spelled in a number of ways, including ''Ajara'', ''Ajaria'', ''Adjaria'', ''Adzharia'', ''Atchara'' and ''Achara''. Under the Soviet Union, Adjara was part of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic as the Adjarian ASSR. The autonomous status of Adjara is guaranteed under article 6 of the Treaty of Kars. H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Derebey
A derebey ( tr, valley lord) was a feudal lord in Anatolia and the Pontic areas of Lazistan and Adjara in the 18th century, with considerable independence from the central government of the Ottoman Empire. Derebeys were required to provide military assistance in time of war, but ruled and administered their own territories, in full freedom in practical terms, and often forming local dynasties. Their emergence were often sparked by the gradual abandon of the timar system administered by the military fiefdom of sipahis, and the tendency of the central government to sub-contract tax revenues as of the 18th century, receiving a determined sum from the derebey and outsourcing on them the task of collecting from the taxpayers themselves. In official terminology, these intermediaries were often referred to as '' âyân'', although other terms were also used for describing this class whose official status, effective powers and the geographical extent of authority could greatly vary from one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abazasdze
The Abazasdze ( ka, აბაზასძე) were a noble family in Georgia with a surge in prominence in the 11th century. The Abazasdze are hypothesized by the Georgian historian Nodar Shoshiashvili to have descended from the house of Tbeli of Kartli. Tbeli Abazay, mentioned in an 11th-century Georgian inscription from the Bortsvisjvari church at Tbeti, may have been the family's eponymous founder, while Ivane Abazasdze, ''eristavi'' ("duke") of Kartli, could have been his grandson. Ivane Abazasdze wielded influence in the 1030s, during the early reign of Bagrat IV of Georgia. The contemporaneous Georgian hagiography '' Vita of George the Athonite'' by Giorgi Mtsire described Ivane Abazasdze and his four brothers as "heroic and strong in their wealth and boastful of their arms and proud of the multitude of their army." Their failed plot to assassinate Bagrat IV resulted in the family's loss of much of their influence and prestige. They are only rarely mentioned in subsequent h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akhaltsikhe
Akhaltsikhe ( ka, ახალციხე ), formerly known as Lomsia ( ka, ლომსია), is a small city in Georgia's southwestern region (''mkhare'') of Samtskhe–Javakheti. It is situated on both banks of a small river Potskhovi (a left tributary of the Kura), which divides the city between the old city in the north and new in the south. The 9th-century Akhaltsikhe (Rabati) Castle, which was recently restored, is located in the old part of the city. It is one of the main attractions of the Samtskhe-Javakheti region, along with Vardzia, Vale, Okrostsikhe and Zarzma. Toponymy Akhaltsikhe is the Georgian name of the town, which literally means "new fortress". It is attested in Arabic sources as ''Akhiskha'' (and ''Akhsikhath''), in Persian as ''Akhesqeh'' (also spelled as ''Akheshkheh''), and in Turkish sources as ''Ahıska''. History The town is mentioned among the settlements conquered by general Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri during the reign of Umayyad Caliph Mu'awi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Principality Of Guria
The Principality of Guria ( ka, გურიის სამთავრო, tr) was a historical state in Georgia. Centered on modern-day Guria, a southwestern region in Georgia, it was located between the Black Sea and Lesser Caucasus, and was ruled by a succession of twenty-two princes of the House of Gurieli from the 1460s to 1829. The principality emerged during the process of fragmentation of a unified Kingdom of Georgia. Its boundaries fluctuated in the course of permanent conflicts with neighboring Georgian rulers and Ottoman Empire, and the principality enjoyed various degrees of autonomy until being annexed by Imperial Russia in 1829. Early history Since the beginning of 13th century, Guria, one of the provinces of the Kingdom of Georgia, located between Rioni and Chorokhi river was administered by hereditary governors (Eristavi). The Gurian ruler to which the Georgian crown attached the title of Gurieli ("of Guria") took advantage of the Mongol invasion of Georgia an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eyalet Of Childir
The Eyalet of Childir ( ota, ایالت ایالت چلدر; Eyālet-i Çıldır) or AkhalzikOther variants of this name include Akalzike (from ) was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire in the Southwestern Caucasus. The area of the former Çıldır Eyalet is now divided between Samtskhe-Javakheti and the Autonomous Republic of Adjara in Georgia and provinces of Artvin, Ardahan and Erzurum in Turkey. The administrative center was Çıldır between 1578 and 1628, Ahıska between 1628 and 1829, and Oltu between 1829 and 1845. History Samtskhe was the only Georgian principality to permanently become an Ottoman province (as the eyalet of Cildir). In the eighty years after the battle of Zivin the region was gradually absorbed into the empire. The Ottomans took the Ahıska region from the Principality of Meskheti, a vassal state of Safavid dynasty. In 1578, when the new province was established, they appointed the former Georgian prince, Minuchir (who took the name of ''Mustafa'' aft ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Military Reforms
Ottoman military reforms began in the late 18th century. Reforms of Selim III When Selim III came to the throne in 1789, an ambitious effort of military reform was launched, geared towards securing the Ottoman Empire. The sultan and those who surrounded him were conservative and desired to preserve the status quo. No one in power in the Empire had any interest in social transformation. Selim III in 1789 to 1807 set up the "Nizam-i Cedid" ew orderarmy to replace the inefficient and outmoded imperial army. The old system depended on Janissaries, who had largely lost their military effectiveness. Selim closely followed Western military forms. It would be expensive for a new army, so a new treasury Irad-i Cedid'had to be established. The result was the Porte now had an efficient, European-trained army equipped with modern weapons. However it had fewer than 10,000 soldiers in an era when Western armies were ten to fifty times larger. Furthermore, the Sultan was upsetting the well ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)
The Russo-Turkish wars (or Ottoman–Russian wars) were a series of twelve wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest series of military conflicts in European history. Except for the war of 1710–11 and the Crimean War, which is often treated as a separate event, the conflicts ended disastrously for the Ottoman Empire; conversely, they showcased the ascendancy of Russia as a European power after the modernization efforts of Peter the Great in the early 18th century. History Conflict begins (1568–1739) Before Peter the Great The first Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) occurred after the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan by the Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible. The Ottoman sultan Selim II tried to squeeze the Russians out of the lower Volga by sending a military expedition to Astrakhan in 1569. The Turkish expedition ended in disaster for the Ottoman army, which could not take Astrakhan and a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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