|
Khevi (territorial Unit)
Khevi ( ka, ხევი; lit. "gorge") was historical-geographical and administrative-territorial unit in eastern Georgian mountains. It was based on ancient primitive-communal territorial units known as "Gora" ( ka, გორა; lit. "hill"), which would later evolve into Khevi during the middle ages. Khevi comprised several mountainous communities along gorges, such highlander communities enjoyed a degree of autonomy or semi-independence within Georgian political entities, corresponding to the period of the so-called “military democracy” or “chiefdom”. They strongly opposed feudal system and were rather electing their own "council of elders" and leaders, known as Khevisberi (elder of the gorge) who would function as a judge, priest and military leader. Sources * Niko Berdzenishvili Niko may refer to: People The given name is sometimes a short form of Nikola, Nikolas, Nikolaos or others. * Nikō (1253–1314), Japanese Buddhist disciple of Nichiren * Niko (musi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literal Translation
Literal translation, direct translation or word-for-word translation, is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately, without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. In translation theory, another term for "literal translation" is '' metaphrase'' (as opposed to '' paraphrase'' for an analogous translation). Literal translation leads to mistranslating of idioms, which is a serious problem for machine translation. The term as used in translation studies Usage The term "literal translation" often appeared in the titles of 19th-century English translations of classical, Bible and other texts. Cribs Word-for-word translations ("cribs," "ponies" or "trots") are sometimes prepared for a writer who is translating a work written in a language they do not know. For example, Robert Pinsky is reported to have used a literal translation in preparing his translation of Dante's '' Inferno'' (1994), as he does not know Italian. Similarly, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georgia (country)
Georgia (, ; ) is a transcontinental country at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is part of the Caucasus region, bounded by the Black Sea to the west, by Russia to the north and northeast, by Turkey to the southwest, by Armenia to the south, and by Azerbaijan to the southeast. The country covers an area of , and has a population of 3.7 million people. Tbilisi is its capital as well as its largest city, home to roughly a third of the Georgian population. During the classical era, several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia, such as Colchis and Iberia. In the early 4th century, ethnic Georgians officially adopted Christianity, which contributed to the spiritual and political unification of the early Georgian states. In the Middle Ages, the unified Kingdom of Georgia emerged and reached its Golden Age during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar in the 12th and early 13th centuries. Thereafter, the kingdom d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and transitioned into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages. Population decline, counterurbanisation, the collapse of centralized authority, invasions, and mass migrations of tribes, which had begun in late antiquity, continued into the Early Middle Ages. The large-scale movements of the Migration Period, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—most recently part of the Ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georgian Feudalism
Georgian feudalism, or ''patronqmoba'' ( ka, პატრონყმობა from ''patroni'', "lord", and qmoba, "slavery", "serfdom"), as the system of personal dependence or vassalage in ancient and medieval Georgia is referred to, arose from a tribal-dynastic organization of society upon which was imposed, by royal authority, an official hierarchy of regional governors, local officials and subordinates. It is thought to have its roots into the ancient Georgian, or Iberian, society of Hellenistic period.Suny (1994), p. 44Lang (1966), pp. 96-7, 116-8 Early period In the medieval period, Georgian feudalism went through three distinct phases. In the first period, taken to have lasted from the 8th to the 11th centuries, Georgian society was organized as a network of personal ties, tying the king with the nobles of various classes. By the early 9th century, Georgia had already developed a system in which homage was exchanged for benefices. High point The second period bega ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khevisberi
Khevisberi ( ka, ხევისბერი; lit. "''an elder of the gorge''") secular and ecclesiastical ruler of a Khevi in the Eastern Georgian highlands: He is an elderly man who follows a monk-like life. Khevisberi performs different rituals and ceremonies and supervises brewing of the sacred beer. Historically, Georgian patriarchal highlander communities enjoyed a degree of autonomy and they were not integrating into the feudal system. they were rather electing their own council of elders and leaders, known as Khevisberi who functioned as a judge, priest and military leader and submitted themselves only to the Georgian monarchs. In popular culture * Alexander Kazbegi's novel "''Khevisberi Gocha"''; * the 1964 film "''Khevisberi Gocha (1964)"'' based on Alexander Kazbegi's novel. References {{Reflist Sources * R. Metreveli, ''Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia The ''Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia'' ( ka, ქართული საბჭოთა ენციკლ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikoloz Berdzenishvili
Nikoloz Berdzenishvili ( ka, ნიკოლოზ ბერძენიშვილი) (1895–1965) was a Soviet and Georgian historian who served as a Vice President of the Georgian Academy of Sciences from 1951 to 1957 and chaired the Department of History at Tbilisi State University from 1946 to 1956. References * ''M. Dumbadze,'' GSE, volume . 2, page. 336, Tbilisi Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million p ...., 1977 1895 births 1965 deaths 20th-century historians from Georgia (country) Members of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences Tbilisi State University alumni Stalin Prize winners Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Burials at Mtatsminda Pantheon Soviet historians {{Georgia-historian-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Types Of Administrative Division
Type may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc. * Data type, collection of values used for computations. * File type * TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file. * Type (Unix), a command in POSIX shells that gives information about commands. * Type safety, the extent to which a programming language discourages or prevents type errors. * Type system, defines a programming language's response to data types. Mathematics * Type (model theory) * Type theory, basis for the study of type systems * Arity or type, the number of operands a function takes * Type, any proposition or set in the intuitionistic type theory * Type, of an entire function ** Exponential type Biology * Type (biology), which fixes a scientific name to a taxon * Dog type, categorization by use or function of domestic dogs Lettering * Type is a design concept for lettering used in typography which helped bring about modern textua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
