|
Kemp Caldera
Kemp Caldera and Kemp Seamount form a submarine volcano south of the South Sandwich Islands, in a region where several seamounts are located. The seamount rises to a depth of below sea level; the caldera has a diameter of and reaches a depth of . The caldera contains several Hydrothermal vents, including white smokers (a type of vent that emits cold, alkaline fluids) and diffuse venting areas, which are host to chemolithotrophic ecological communities. The seamount and caldera, which were discovered by seafloor mapping in 2009, are part of the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. Geography and geomorphology Kemp Caldera lies at the southern end of the South Sandwich Islands, between the Scotia Sea to the north and the Weddell Sea to the south, about west-southwest of Thule Island. The caldera was discovered and sampled in 2009 during bathymetric mapping operations carried out by the . Further sampling efforts took place in 2010 and 2011. Another ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Submarine Volcano
Submarine volcanoes are underwater vents or fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt. Many submarine volcanoes are located near areas of tectonic plate formation, known as mid-ocean ridges. The volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges alone are estimated to account for 75% of the magma output on Earth.Martin R. Speight, Peter A. Henderson, "Marine Ecology: Concepts and Applications", John Wiley & Sons, 2013. . Although most submarine volcanoes are located in the depths of seas and oceans, some also exist in shallow water, and these can discharge material into the atmosphere during an eruption. The total number of submarine volcanoes is estimated to be over 1 million (most are now extinct) of which some 75,000 rise more than 1 km above the seabed. Only 119 submarine volcanoes in Earth's oceans and seas are known to have erupted during the last 11,700 years. Hydrothermal vents, sites of abundant biological activity, are commonly found near submarine volcanoes. Effe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
