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Karnic Languages
The Karnic languages are a group of languages of the Pama–Nyungan family. According to Dixon (2002), these are three separate families, but Bowern (2001) establishes regular paradigmatic connections among many of the languages, demonstrating them as a genealogical group. Bowern classifies them as follows: *Arabana ( Wangganguru) (Western Karnic; orig. part of Palku) *(node) **Palku (Northern Karnic): Pitta Pitta, Wangka-Yutjurru (Wanggamala) **(node) ***Karna (Central Karnic) **** Yandruwandha ( Yawarawarga) **** Mithaka (in the north); Diyari, Yarluyandi–Ngamini ***Eastern Karnic: Wilson River language (Wangkumara, Bundhamara (Punthamara), Ngandangara/Yarumarra, etc.) Unclassified languages Other languages of the area may be Karnic, but are too poorly attested to be secure. Breen (2007) writes of "Karna– Mari fringe" languages which are "a discontinuous group of languages, mostly poorly attested, scattered between Karnic and Mari languages but not showing much connect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pama–Nyungan Languages
The Pama–Nyungan languages are the most widespread family of Australian Aboriginal languages, containing 306 out of 400 Aboriginal languages in Australia. The name "Pama–Nyungan" is a merism: it derived from the two end-points of the range: the Pama languages of northeast Australia (where the word for "man" is ) and the Nyungan languages of southwest Australia (where the word for "man" is ). The other language families indigenous to the continent of Australia are occasionally referred to, by exclusion, as non-Pama–Nyungan languages, though this is not a taxonomic term. The Pama–Nyungan family accounts for most of the geographic spread, most of the Aboriginal population, and the greatest number of languages. Most of the Pama–Nyungan languages are spoken by small ethnic groups of hundreds of speakers or fewer. The vast majority of languages, either due to disease or elimination of their speakers, have become extinct, and almost all remaining ones are endangered in some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maric Languages
Maran or Maric is an extinct branch of the Pama–Nyungan family of Australian languages formerly spoken throughout much of Queensland by many of the Murri peoples. The well attested Maric languages are clearly related; however, many languages of the area became extinct before much could be documented of them, and their classification is uncertain. The clear Maric languages are: : Bidyara (numerous varieties) : Biri (several varieties) : Warrungu (& Gugu-Badhun, Gudjal) :( Kingkel?): Darumbal Dharumbal was added by Bowern (2011); it had been classified in the Kingkel branch of Waka–Kabic. It is not clear if the other Kingkel language, Bayali, is also Maric; Bayali and Darumbal are not close. Unclassified languages Ngaro and Giya (Bumbarra), spoken on the coast, may also have been Maric, the latter perhaps a dialect of Biri. Of the interior, to the west, Breen (2007) writes of "Karna–Mari fringe" languages which are "a discontinuous group of languages, mostly poorly a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karnic Languages
The Karnic languages are a group of languages of the Pama–Nyungan family. According to Dixon (2002), these are three separate families, but Bowern (2001) establishes regular paradigmatic connections among many of the languages, demonstrating them as a genealogical group. Bowern classifies them as follows: *Arabana ( Wangganguru) (Western Karnic; orig. part of Palku) *(node) **Palku (Northern Karnic): Pitta Pitta, Wangka-Yutjurru (Wanggamala) **(node) ***Karna (Central Karnic) **** Yandruwandha ( Yawarawarga) **** Mithaka (in the north); Diyari, Yarluyandi–Ngamini ***Eastern Karnic: Wilson River language (Wangkumara, Bundhamara (Punthamara), Ngandangara/Yarumarra, etc.) Unclassified languages Other languages of the area may be Karnic, but are too poorly attested to be secure. Breen (2007) writes of "Karna– Mari fringe" languages which are "a discontinuous group of languages, mostly poorly attested, scattered between Karnic and Mari languages but not showing much connect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ngura Language
Ngura is a disputed and possibly spurious ethnic and language designation of central Australia. The name 'Nura', short for Ngurawarla, means 'empty camp', referring to lands abandoned after a massacre. It is not a language or ethnic designation. Of the various language varieties that have gone by this name, all of which are extinct, Bowern (2001) classifies the Wilson River language of the 'modern' Galali/Garlali and Wangkumara-plus-Bundhamara/Punthamara (also known as or closely related to Ngandangara/Yarumarra) peoples as an Eastern Karnic language, while the Bulloo River language of the 'old' Garlali and Wangkumara remains an unclassified Karna–Mari 'fringe' language. Bidjara or less ambiguously 'Bitharra' (not to be confused with the Bidjara language of the Maric languages) may be another variety of Bulloo River, but there is not enough data to be sure. Bowern believes that Badjiri was probably a Maric language. Bowern (2001) said the data is too sketchy to be sure, b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nhirrpi Language
Yandruwandha is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Pama–Nyungan family. Yawarawarga is considered a dialect by Dixon (2002), a closely related language by Bowern (2001). It is also known as ''Yawarrawarrka,'' ''Yawarawarka'', ''Yawarawarga'', ''Yawarawarka'', ''Jauraworka'', and ''Jawarawarka''). The traditional language region includes Far Western Queensland around the local government area of the Shire of Diamantina extending into the Outback Communities Authority of South Australia South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories ... towards Innamincka. References Further reading * Breen, Gavan (2015). Innamincka talk: a grammar of the Innamincka dialect of Yandruwandha with notes on other dialects'. ANU Press. Karnic languages {{ia-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mayawali Language
Pitta Pitta (also known under several other spellings) is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language. It was spoken around Boulia, Queensland. Pituri The name '' pituri'' for the leaves chewed as a stimulant by traditional Aboriginal people has been claimed to be derived from the Pitta Pitta word '. though Walter Roth pointed out in 1897 that the word 'pituri', thus pronounced, was the term used by the neighbouring Yurlayurlanya people, and added that the Pitta Pitta people called it "''tarembola''". Status In 1979, Barry J. Blake reported that Pitta Pitta was "virtually extinct", with only three speakers remaining – Ivy Nardoo of Boulia, Ted Marshall and Linda Craigie of Mount Isa. It is now considered unlikely that any speakers remain. Phonology Vowels Consonants Sign language The Pitta Pitta had well-developed a signed form of their language. References *Blake, Barry J. (1979). Pitta-Pitta. In R.M.W. Dixon and Barry Blake (eds.), ''Handbook of Australian Language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karangura Language
Ngamini is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language of the Pama–Nyungan family once spoken by the Ngamini The Ngameni are an indigenous Australian people of South Australia who once spoke the Ngameni language. Country According to Norman Tindale's estimation, the Ngameni held of tribal territory, along the southern edge of Goyder Lagoon, and on the ... and related peoples. References Karnic languages {{ia-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karuwali Language
Mithaka (also ''Midhaga'', ''Mitaka'') is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language in the Barcoo Shire of Western Queensland spoken by the Mitaka people. Classification and dialects Karruwali (Garuwali) and Marulta (Marrulha, Marrula) are counted as dialects per Dixon (2002). Breen thinks Mithaka, Marula, and Marunuda may be the same language but does not know if they are alternative names or distinct dialects of the same language. However, Bowern (2001) states that there is not enough evidence to classify them, or even to establish that they are Karnic languages. References External links Bibliography of Garuwali people and language resources at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), established as the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies (AIAS) in 1964, is an independent Australian Government statutory authority. It is a collecting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kungardutyi Language
The Wilson River language, also known as "Modern" Wankumara (Wangkumara/ Wanggumara), is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Karnic family. It was spoken by several peoples along the Wilson River in Queensland. Of these, the Wanggumara (Wangkumara) and Galali may have migrated from the Bulloo River and abandoned their language when they arrived. (See Bulloo River language.) Speakers In 1981, the language was still spoken by four members of the Wangkumara community around Cooper Creek, the Thomson River, and the Warry Warry Creek, the town of Eromanga and the Nuccundra. It appears to have gone extinct by 2005. Varieties Dixon (2002) considers Punthamara to be a dialect of Wangkumara, Bowern (2001) as very close. Bowern says that Ngandangara also appears to have been "very close", although data is too poor for a proper classification. Karenggapa is either a dialect or an alternative name. (McDonald & Wurm 1979) note that Wilson River Galali, what they call "Waŋku ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kungkari Language
Kungkari (also ''Gunggari'', ''Koonkerri'', ''Kuungkari'') is an extinct and unclassified Australian Aboriginal language. The Kungkari language region included the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Longreach Shire Council and Blackall-Tambo Shire Council. Classification Geographically it lay near the Barcoo River The Barcoo River in western Queensland, Australia rises on the northern slopes of the Warrego Range, flows in a south-westerly direction and unites with the Thomson River to form Cooper Creek. The first European to see the river was Thomas ... between the Karnic and Maric languages, but had no obvious connection to either; the data is too poor to draw any conclusions on classification. Bowern (2001) mentions Kungkari as a possible Karnic language. Wafer and Lissarrague (2008) report that a description of Kungkari by Breen (1990) is of Kungkari, not the similarly-named Gunggari, which was Maric. References Unclassified languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pirlatapa Language
Diyari () or Dieri () is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Diyari people in the far north of South Australia, to the east of Lake Eyre. It was studied by German Lutheran missionaries who translated Christian works into the language in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, so that it developed an extensive written form. Only a few fluent speakers of Diyari remained by the early 21st century, but a dictionary and grammar of the language was produced by linguist Peter K. Austin, and there is a project under way to teach it in schools. Related languages Sign language The Diyari had a highly developed sign language. This was first noticed by Alfred William Howitt in 1891, who first mistook them for defiant or command gestures until he then realised that they formed part of an integral system of hand signs, of which he registered 65. One of their functions was to allow women to communicate during mourning, when a speech taboo prevailed. Dialects Dhirari (extinct lat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pirriya Language
Pirriya (also ''Birria'', ''Bidia'', ''Kunggari'', ''Kulumali'', and ''Kungadutji'') is an extinct and unclassified Australian Aboriginal language. It was spoken by the Bidia people (also known as ''Biria'') of the western and central western Queensland, including Barcoo Shire, Whitula Creek, Cooper Creek, and Jundah. It is not to be confused with the Biri language and its dialects, also a Queensland language, spoken by the Biria people. Classification Geographically it lay between the Karnic and Maric languages, but had no obvious connection to either; the data is too poor to draw any conclusions on classification. Dixon (2002) classes Pirriya with Kungkari as a subgroup of the Maric languages while Breen (1990) suggests it may be a Karnic language. Vocabulary Some words from the Birria language, as spelt and written by Birria authors include: * ''Billar'': spear * ''Binoor'': bandicoot * ''Boorong'': rock * ''Bowra'': kangaroo * ''Burlo moori'': good day * ''Gul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
