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Kale Borroka
(, "Street Fighting") refers to urban guerrilla actions carried out by Basque nationalist youth who are integrated into the ''abertzale left''. Along with ETA, the kale borroka was the only remaining armed faction of Basque nationalists in the Basque Conflict. Their most common actions included: attacking offices of political parties, especially the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and People's Party, but also other parties such as Basque Nationalist Party and Navarrese People's Union; attacking the property of people linked to these groups (burning cars, attacking housing); attacking and destroying ATMs, bank offices, public transport; and rioting using molotov cocktails, burning trash containers and even private vehicles in demonstrations, etc. During ETA Eta (uppercase , lowercase ; grc, ἦτα ''ē̂ta'' or ell, ήτα ''ita'' ) is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the close front unrounded vowel . Originally denoting the voiceless glottal fri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PSE San Francisco
PSE may refer to: Companies and organizations Stock exchanges *Pacific Stock Exchange, stock exchange in USA * Pakistan Stock Exchange, stock exchange of Pakistan * Palestine Securities Exchange, stock exchange in Palestine * Philippine Stock Exchange, stock exchange in Philippines * Prague Stock Exchange, stock exchange in the Czech Republic * Pune Stock Exchange, stock exchange in India Other *Paksi SE, a Hungarian football club based in Paks, Hungary * Paris School of Economics, a French academic foundation in Paris * Partido Socialista de Euskadi, a Basque Party * Party of European Socialists (French: ''Parti socialiste européen'') * Group of the Party of European Socialists, a parliamentary group in the European Parliament 1993–2009 * Pegula Sports and Entertainment, American sports and entertainment holding company based in Buffalo, New York *Philosophical Society of England *Pi Sigma Epsilon, a professional fraternal organization in sales, marketing, and management * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urban Guerrilla Warfare
An urban guerrilla is someone who fights a government using unconventional warfare or domestic terrorism in an urban environment. Theory and history The urban guerrilla phenomenon is essentially one of industrialised society, resting both on the presence of large urban agglomerations where hideouts are easy to find and on a theory of alienation proper to the modern society of mass consumption. Michael Collins, a commander of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) is often considered to be the father of modern urban guerrilla warfare. In April 1919 an elite assassination unit, known as The Squad or ''Twelve Apostles'', was created in Dublin. The unit was tasked with hunting down and executing British Intelligence operatives in the city; they can be considered one of the first true urban guerrilla units. Historically guerrilla warfare was a rural phenomenon, it was not until the 1960s that the limitations of this form were clearly demonstrated. The technique was almost entirely ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basque Nationalism
Basque nationalism ( eu, eusko abertzaletasuna ; es, nacionalismo vasco; french: nationalisme basque) is a form of nationalism that asserts that Basques, an ethnic group indigenous to the western Pyrenees, are a nation and promotes the political unity of the Basques, today scattered between Spain and France. Since its inception in the late 19th century, Basque nationalism has included separatist movements. Basque nationalism, spanning three different regions in two states (the Basque Autonomous Community and Navarre in Spain, and the French Basque Country in France) is "irredentist in nature" as it favours political unification of all the Basque-speaking provinces. History Fueros and Carlism Basque nationalism is rooted in Carlism and the loss, by the laws of 1839 and 1876, of the Ancien Régime relationship between the Spanish Basque provinces and the crown of Spain. During this period, the reactionary and the liberal brand of the pro-''fueros'' movement pleaded for t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abertzale
''Abertzale'' (; English: "patriot", literally "fond of the fatherland") is a Basque term usually referring to people or political groups who are associated with Basque nationalism. Although the term is synonym of "patriot", its common use in Basque mainly refers to Basque nationalism, whereas in the Spanish language ''abertzale'' (also spelled ''aberzale'') means "Basque nationalist". The use of the term by members and sympathizers of Herri Batasuna, and the fact that the followers of the Basque Nationalist Party (''Partido Nacionalista Vasco'', PNV) call themselves '' jeltzales'' more than ''abertzales'', has brought about a situation where in the Spanish language the word is at times associated with that particular leftist current of Basque nationalism. Several organizations past and present have used this word in their official Basque-language names: *Abertzaleen Batasuna (''Unity of the Abertzales''): A political party in the French Basque Country. *Emakume Abertzale Bat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ETA (separatist Group)
ETA, an acronym for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ("Basque Homeland and Liberty"ETA BASQUE ORGANIZATION Encyclopaedia Britannica 20 October 2011 or "Basque Country and Freedom"), was an armed Basque nationalism, Basque nationalist and far left separatism, separatist organization in the Basque Country (greater region), Basque Country (in northern Spain and southwestern France). The group was founded in 1959 and later evolved from a group promoting traditional Basque culture to a paramilitary group engaged in a violent campaign of bombing, assassinations, and kidnappings in the Southern Basque Country and throughout Spanish territory. Its goal was gaining independence for the Basque Country. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basque Conflict
The Basque conflict, also known as the Spain–ETA conflict, was an armed and political conflict from 1959 to 2011 between Spain and the Basque National Liberation Movement, a group of social and political Basque nationalism, Basque organizations which separatism, sought independence from Spain and France. The movement was built around the separatist organization ETA (separatist group), ETA, which had launched a campaign of attacks against Spanish administrations since 1959. ETA had been proscribed as a List of designated terrorist organizations, terrorist organization by the Spanish, British, French and U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations, American authorities at different moments. The conflict took place mostly on Spanish soil, although to a smaller degree it was also present in France, which was primarily used as a safe haven by ETA members. It was the longest running violent conflict in modern Western Europe. It has been sometimes referred to as " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party ( es, Partido Socialista Obrero Español ; PSOE ) is a social-democraticThe PSOE is described as a social-democratic party by numerous sources: * * * * political party in Spain. The PSOE has been in government longer than any other political party in modern democratic Spain, namely from 1982 to 1996 under Felipe González; from 2004 to 2011 under José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero; and currently since 2018 under Pedro Sánchez. The PSOE was founded in 1879, making it the oldest party currently active in Spain. The PSOE played a key role during the Second Spanish Republic, being part of coalition government from 1931 to 1933 and from 1936 to 1939, when the Republic was defeated by Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War. The party was then banned under Franco's dictatorship and its members and leaders were persecuted or exiled. The PSOE was only legalised again in 1977. Historically a Marxist party, it abandoned Marxism in 1979. Just like ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People's Party (Spain)
The People's Party ( es, Partido Popular ; known mostly by its acronym, PP ) is a conservative and Christian-democratic political party in Spain. The People's Party was a 1989 re-foundation of People's Alliance (AP), a party led by former minister of the dictatorship Manuel Fraga and founded back in 1976 as alliance of post-Francoist proto-parties. The new party combined the conservative AP with several small Christian democratic and liberal parties (the party call this fusion of views "the Reformist Centre"). In 2002, Manuel Fraga received the honorary title of "Founding Chairman". The party's youth organization is New Generations of the People's Party of Spain (NNGG). The PP is a member of the centre-right European People's Party (EPP), and in the European Parliament its 16 MEPs sit in the EPP Group. The PP is also a member of the Centrist Democrat International and the International Democrat Union. The PP was also one of the founding organizations of the Budapest-based Ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basque Nationalist Party
The Basque Nationalist Party (, EAJ ; es, Partido Nacionalista Vasco, PNV; french: Parti Nationaliste Basque, PNB; EAJ-PNV), officially Basque National Party in English,) was rejected by party members in November 2011. Nonetheless, the party did introduce the change in the English version of the name. is a Basque nationalist and regionalist political party. The party is Christian-democratic, with social-democratic and conservative-liberal factions. It operates in all the territories comprising the Basque Country: the Basque Autonomous Community and Navarre in Spain, and in the French Basque Country. It also has delegations in dozens of foreign nations, specifically those with a major presence of Basque immigrants. The EAJ-PNV was founded by Sabino Arana in 1895, which makes it the second oldest extant political party in Spain, after the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. The EAJ-PNV is the largest Basque nationalist party, having led the Basque Government uninterruptedly sin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Navarrese People's Union
The Navarrese People's Union ( es, Unión del Pueblo Navarro), abbreviated to UPN, is a regional conservative political party in Navarre, Spain. Until 2008, it was a fraternal party of the People's Party (PP), acting as the latter's Navarrese branch. UPN is a strong opponent of Basque nationalism, and supports a Spanish regional identity for Navarre with a marginal Basque component and separate from the Basque Country. The party's regionalist tradition dates back to the nineteenth century, in which the Spanish nation is seen to be based on 'regional liberties'. During the 1991–2008 period, UPN acted as the Navarrese branch of the PP, which, in return, did not run at Navarrese elections as a part of their agreement. During this period, UPN was the largest party in elections for the regional Parliament of Navarre and the ruling party of the Autonomous Community from 1996 to 2015. History The UPN was a Navarrese splinter group of the Union of the Democratic Centre. Its president ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molotov Cocktail
A Molotov cocktail (among several other names – ''see other names'') is a hand thrown incendiary weapon constructed from a frangible container filled with flammable substances equipped with a fuse (typically a glass bottle filled with flammable liquids sealed with a cloth wick). In use, the fuse attached to the container is lit and the weapon is thrown, shattering on impact. This ignites the flammable substances contained in the bottle and spreads flames as the fuel burns. Due to their relative ease of production, Molotov cocktails are typically improvised weapons. Their improvised usage spans from criminals, rioters, football hooligans, urban guerrillas, terrorists, irregular soldiers, freedom fighters, and even regular soldiers, in the latter case often due to a shortage of equivalent military-issued weapons. Despite its improvised and rebellious nature, many modern militaries exercise the use of Molotov cocktails. However, Molotov cocktails are not always improvised ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basque Politics
The Basque Country (; eu, Euskadi ; es, País Vasco ), also called Basque Autonomous Community ( eu, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa, links=no, EAE; es, Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco, links=no, CAPV), is an autonomous community of Spain. It includes the provinces (and historical territories) of Álava, Biscay, and Gipuzkoa, located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, bordering on the autonomous communities of Cantabria, Castile and León, La Rioja, and Navarre, and the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. The Basque Country or Basque Autonomous Community is enshrined as a 'nationality' within the Spanish State in its 1979 statute of autonomy, pursuant to the administrative acquis laid out in the 1978 Spanish Constitution. The statute provides the legal framework for the development of the Basque people on Spanish soil. Navarre, which had narrowly rejected a joint statute with Gipuzkoa, Álava and Biscay in 1932, became a full-fledged foral autonomous community in 1982. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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