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Kalam Languages
The Kalam languages are a small family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. The languages are: :Kalam–Tai, Kobon. They are famous for having perhaps the smallest numbers of lexical verbs of any languages in the world, with somewhere in the range of 100 to 120 verbs in the case of Kobon. It is as yet unclear whether the Gants language is most closely related to the Kalam languages or is one of the Sogeram languages The Sogeram languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. They are named after the Sogeram River.Usher, Timothy. 2020Sogeram River ''New Guinea World''. In earlier classifications, such as that of Wurm, most of the Sogera .... References {{Madang languages Languages of Papua New Guinea West Madang languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia (a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia). Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. The country is the world's third largest island country, with an area of . At the national level, after being ruled by three external powers since 1884, including nearly 60 years of Australian administration starting during World War I, Papua New Guinea established its sovereignty in 1975. It became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1975 with Elizabeth II as its queen. It also became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right. There are 839 known languages of Papua New Guinea, one of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Madang Languages
The Madang or Madang–Adelbert Range languages are a language family of Papua New Guinea. They were classified as a branch of Trans–New Guinea by Stephen Wurm, followed by Malcolm Ross. William A. Foley concurs that it is "highly likely" that the Madang languages are part of TNG, although the pronouns, the usual basis for classification in TNG, have been "replaced" in Madang. Timothy Usher finds that Madang is closest to the Upper Yuat River languages and other families to its west, but does not for now address whether this larger group forms part of the TNG family. The family is named after Madang Province and the Adelbert Range. History Sidney Herbert Ray identified the Rai Coast family in 1919. In 1951 these were linked with the Mabuso languages by Arthur Capell to create his Madang family. John Z'graggen (1971, 1975) expanded Madang to languages of the Adelbert Range and renamed the family Madang–Adelbert Range, and Stephen Wurm (1975) adopted this as a branch of his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ''ancestral language'' or ''parental language'', called the proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree, or in a subsequent modification, to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy. Linguists therefore describe the ''daughter languages'' within a language family as being ''genetically related''. According to '' Ethnologue'' there are 7,151 living human languages distributed in 142 different language families. A living language is defined as one that is the first language of at least one person. The language families with the most speakers are: the Indo-European family, with many widely spoken languages native to Europe (such as English and Spanish) and South Asia (such as Hindi and Bengali); and the Sino-Tibetan famil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalam Language
Kalam is a Kalam language of Papua New Guinea. It is closely related to Kobon, and shares many of the features of that language. Kalam is spoken in Middle Ramu District of Madang Province and in Mount Hagen District of Western Highlands Province. Thanks to decades of studies by anthropologists such as Ralph Bulmer and others, Kalam is one of the best-studied Trans-New Guinea languages to date. Dialects There are two distinct dialects of Kalam that are highly distinguishable from each other. *Etp, with 20,000 speakers, is centered in the Upper Kaironk and Upper Simbai Valleys. *Ti, with 5,000 speakers is centered in the Asai Valley. It includes the Tai variety. Kobon is closely related. Kalam has an elaborate pandanus avoidance register used during karuka harvest that has been extensively documented. The Kalam pandanus language, called () or (), is also used when eating or cooking cassowary. Phonology Consonants Vowels Evolution Below are some Kalam reflexes of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tai Papuan Language
Tai (Tay, Ti) is a Kalam language of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ..., spoken in a single village. References Kalam languages Languages of Madang Province {{PapuaNewGuinea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kobon Language
Kobon (pronounced , or ) is a language of Papua New Guinea. It has somewhere around 90–120 verbs. Kobon has a pandanus language, spoken when harvesting karuka. Geographic distribution Kobon is spoken in Madang Province and Western Highlands Province, north of Mount Hagen. Phonology Vowels Monophthongal vowels are , diphthongs are . and may be and word-initially. () is written and () is written . Only and the diphthongs occur word-initially, apart from the quotative particle, which is variably /a~e~o~ö/. occur syllable-initially within a word. All vowels (including the diphthongs) occur syllable-medially (in CVC syllables), syllable-finally and at the ends of words. Many vowel sequences occur, including some with identical vowels. Consonants Kobon distinguishes an alveolar lateral , a palatal lateral , a subapical retroflex lateral flap ( ), and a fricative trill , though the frication on the latter is variable. Voiced obstruents may be prenasalized aft ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lexical Verb
In linguistics a lexical verb or main verb is a member of an open class of verbs that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs. Lexical verbs typically express action, state, or other predicate meaning. In contrast, auxiliary verbs express grammatical meaning. The verb phrase of a sentence is generally headed by a lexical verb. Lexical verbs are categorized into five categories: copular, intransitive, transitive, ditransitive, and ambitransitive. The descriptor ''lexical'' is applied to the words of a language's lexicon, often to indicate a content word, as distinct from a function word. See also * Light verb In linguistics, a light verb is a verb that has little semantic content of its own and forms a predicate with some additional expression, which is usually a noun. Common verbs in English that can function as light verbs are ''do'', ''give'', ''have ... References {{lexical categories, state=collapsed Verb types ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gants Language
Gants, or in native orthography ''Gaj'', is a Madang language of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i .... Classification Daniels (2017), following Pawley, classifies Gants as an East Sogeram language, with Kursav as its closest relative.Daniels, Don. 2017. Gants is a Sogeram Language. ''Language and Linguistics in Melanesia'' 35: 82-93. Usher concurs. Pronouns Gants pronouns may be compared with those of other Madang languages: The roots ''ya'', ''na'', ''nu'', ''a-'', ''na-'', ''n(i)-'' correspond to proto-Sogeram *ya, *na, *nu/*nɨ, *a-, *na-, *nɨ-. References External links Gants Swadesh List by The Rosetta Project at the Internet Archive Sogeram languages Languages of Madang Province {{PapuaNewGuinea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sogeram Languages
The Sogeram languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. They are named after the Sogeram River.Usher, Timothy. 2020Sogeram River ''New Guinea World''. In earlier classifications, such as that of Wurm, most of the Sogeram family were called "Wanang", after the Wanang River. The exceptions were Faita, placed as a separate branch of the Southern Adelbert languages, and Mum–Sirva (then called the "Sikan" family), which were classified with the other branch, Josephstaal ( Tomul River). Languages Daniels (2016) classifies the Sogeram languages in three branches, including some recently documented languages.Daniels, Don. 2016. Magɨ: An undocumented language of Papua New Guinea. ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 55: 199-224. ;Sogeram *West Sogeram ** Mand ** Nend *Central Segeram ** Manat ** Apalɨ **North Central Sogeram (Sikan): Mum, Sirva *"East" Sogeram ** Gants ** Kursav **Aisian: Magɨ, Aisi Daniels (2017), following Pawley, resolves the issue of Gants by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalam Languages
The Kalam languages are a small family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. The languages are: :Kalam–Tai, Kobon. They are famous for having perhaps the smallest numbers of lexical verbs of any languages in the world, with somewhere in the range of 100 to 120 verbs in the case of Kobon. It is as yet unclear whether the Gants language is most closely related to the Kalam languages or is one of the Sogeram languages The Sogeram languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. They are named after the Sogeram River.Usher, Timothy. 2020Sogeram River ''New Guinea World''. In earlier classifications, such as that of Wurm, most of the Sogera .... References {{Madang languages Languages of Papua New Guinea West Madang languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Languages Of Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea, a sovereign state in Oceania, is the most linguistically diverse country in the world. According to Ethnologue, there are 839 living languages spoken in the country. In 2006, Papua New Guinea Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare stated that "Papua New Guinea has 832 living languages (languages, not dialects)." Languages with statutory recognition are Tok Pisin, English, Hiri Motu, and Papua New Guinean Sign Language.There is no specific legislation proclaiming official languages in Papua New Guinea. In the constitution of Papua New Guinea, section 2(11) (literacy) of its preamble mentions '...all persons and governmental bodies to endeavour to achieve universal literacy in Pisin, Hiri Motu or English' as well as "tok ples" and "ita eda tano gado". In addition, section 67 (2)(c) mentions "speak and understand Pisin or Hiri Motu, or a vernacular of the country, sufficiently for normal conversational purposes" as a requirement for citizenship by nationalisation; this i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
