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Kaili Language
Kaili is an Austronesian dialect cluster of the Celebic branch, and is one of the principal languages of Central Sulawesi. The heartland of the Kaili area is the broad Palu River valley which stretches southward from Central Sulawesi's capital city, Palu. Kaili is also spoken in the mountains which rise on both sides of this valley, and along the coasts of the Makassar Strait and the Gulf of Tomini. Dialects Taking a fine-grade view, it is possible to distinguish sixteen regional varieties of Kaili. Following the practice of Kaili people themselves, each variety is named after its negator. For example, in the Tawaili region northeast of Palu, Kaili speakers use ''rai'' as their word for ‘no,’ while speakers in the Parigi region on the Gulf of Tomini use ''tara''. These two varieties can be referred to as ‘Kaili Rai’ and ‘Kaili Tara,’ irrespective of whether one intends for these varieties to be regarded as languages, dialects, or subdialects. These varieties ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at . With over 275 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population. Indonesia is a presidential republic with an elected legislature. It has 38 provinces, of which nine have special status. The country's capital, Jakarta, is the world's second-most populous urban area. Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palu
Palu, which is officially known as the City of Palu (Indonesian: ''Kota Palu''), is the capital and largest city of Central Sulawesi. Palu is located on the northwestern coast of Sulawesi and borders Donggala Regency to the north and west, Parigi Moutong Regency to the east, and Sigi Regency to the south. The city boundaries encompass a land area of . According to the 2020 Indonesian census, Palu has a population of 373,218, making it the third-most populous city on the island after Makassar and Manado; the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 377,030. Palu is the center of finance, government, and education in Central Sulawesi, as well as one of several major cities on the island. The city hosts the province's main port, its biggest airport, and most of its public universities. Palu is located in Palu Bay; it was initially a small agricultural town until it was selected to become the capital of the newly created province of Central Sulawesi in 1953. Palu is sited on the Palu-K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moma Language
Moma (also Kulawi) is an Austronesian language spoken in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Historically, it is derived from the Kaili dialect cluster, but is divergent due to strong influence from Uma Parvati ( sa, पार्वती, ), Uma ( sa, उमा, ) or Gauri ( sa, गौरी, ) is the Hindu goddess of power, energy, nourishment, harmony, love, beauty, devotion, and motherhood. She is a physical representation of Mahadevi in .... (3 vols). Phonology The sound inventory of Moma below had been described by Adriani and Esser (1939). Like many other languages on Sulawesi, Moma has only open syllables. Grammar Moma has the following pronoun sets: References Further reading * * {{Authority control Kaili–Pamona languages Languages of Sulawesi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albertus Kruyt
Albert Christian Kruyt ( nl, Albertus Christiaan Kruyt; born 10 October 186919 January 1949) was a Dutch Calvinist missionary, ethnographer and theologian. He was the first to pioneer Christianity in Central Sulawesi, notably in Poso. Born in Mojowarno, East Java in 1869, he grew up in a missionary family. In 1877, Kruyt was sent to the Netherlands to take missionary education. He returned to the Indies in 1890, and was stationed in Gorontalo. The Netherlands Missionary Society (''Nederlandsch Zendeling Genootschap'') sent him to open a new missionary post in Poso, located on the south shore of Tomini Bay. Kruyt started his work in 1892. The first years of his efforts were considered as failures, but the first baptism took place in 1909 and continued to grow in the following years. The mission area he had pioneered until the 1920s, continued to spread through the highlands and mountains to the Gulf of Bone in the south. Kruyt left the Dutch East Indies for good and returned to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samuel Esser
Samuel ''Šəmūʾēl'', Tiberian: ''Šămūʾēl''; ar, شموئيل or صموئيل '; el, Σαμουήλ ''Samouḗl''; la, Samūēl is a figure who, in the narratives of the Hebrew Bible, plays a key role in the transition from the biblical judges to the United Kingdom of Israel under Saul, and again in the monarchy's transition from Saul to David. He is venerated as a prophet in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In addition to his role in the Hebrew scriptures, Samuel is mentioned in Jewish rabbinical literature, in the Christian New Testament, and in the second chapter of the Quran (although Islamic texts do not mention him by name). He is also treated in the fifth through seventh books of ''Antiquities of the Jews'', written by the Jewish scholar Josephus in the first century. He is first called "the Seer" in 1 Samuel 9:9. Biblical account Family Samuel's mother was Hannah and his father was Elkanah. Elkanah lived at Ramathaim in the district of Zuph. His genealog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicolaus Adriani
Nicolaus Adriani (15 September 1865, Oud-Loosdrecht – 5 August 1926, Poso, Central Sulawesi) was a Christian missionary from the Netherlands who did work in Indonesia. He studied linguistics of the East Indies at Leiden University, obtaining his PhD in 1893. He was sent by the Nederlandsch Bijbelgenootschap. He worked as a linguist in Poso, Central Sulawesi.J. A. Sarira. 1975. Benih yang Tumbuh 6 - Gereja Toraja. Jakarta: LPS DGI dan BPS Gereja Toraja. In 1897 Adriani became correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, in 1918 he joined as member. References Relevant literature *Adriani, N., 1894. ''Sangireesche spraakkunst''. 's Gravenhage: Martin Nijhoff. *Adriani, Nicolaus. 1912. ''De Baree-Sprekende Toradja's van Midden Celebes''. *Adriani, Nicolaus. 1919. ''Posso (Midden-Celebes).'' Boekhandel van den Zendingsstudie-raad. *Adriani, Nicolaus. 1928. ''Bare'e-Nederlandsch woordenboek: met Nederlandsch-Bare'e register''. EJ Brill. *Adriani, Nicolau ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gulf Of Tomini
The Gulf of Tomini ( id, Teluk Tomini), also known as the Bay of Tomini, is the equatorial gulf which separates the Minahassa Peninsula, Minahassa (Northern) and East Peninsula, Sulawesi, East Peninsulas of the island of Sulawesi (Celebes) in Indonesia. The Togian Islands lie near its center. To the east, the Gulf opens onto the Molucca Sea. Extent The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the Gulf of Tomini as being one of the divisions of the East Indian Archipelago. It is defined as the waters west of the "Western limit of the Molukka Sea", which is elsewhere defined as the line running from "Tg. Pasir Pandjang ()... across to Tg. Tombalilatoe (123° 21′ E) on the opposite coast". References Citations Bibliography * . Gulfs of the Pacific Ocean, Tomini Bays of Indonesia Landforms of Sulawesi Landforms of Gorontalo (province) {{Indonesia-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Makassar Strait
Makassar Strait is a strait between the islands of Borneo and Sulawesi in Indonesia. To the north it joins the Celebes Sea, while to the south it meets the Java Sea. To the northeast, it forms the Sangkulirang Bay south of the Mangkalihat Peninsula. The strait is an important regional shipping route in Southeast Asia. The Mahakam River and Karangan River of Borneo empty into the strait. Ports along the strait include Balikpapan and Bontang in Borneo, and Makassar, Palu, and Parepare in Sulawesi. The city of Samarinda is 48 km (30 mi) from the strait, along the Mahakam. Extent The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the Makassar Strait as being one of the waters of the East Indian Archipelago. The IHO defines its limits as follows: The channel between the East coast of Borneo and the West coast of Celebes _Sulawesi.html" ;"title="/nowiki> Sulawesi">/nowiki> Sulawesi/nowiki>, is bounded: ''On the North.'' By a line joining Tanjong Mangkalih ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palu River
The Palu River (Indonesian language, Indonesian: ''Sungai Palu'') is a river in Central Sulawesi, Sulawesi island, Indonesia, about 1600 km northeast of the capital Jakarta. Hydrology The river flows through the city of Palu, with 41% of the basin area covered by the protected tropical montane forest of the Lore Lindu National Park. Geography The river flows in the west area of Sulawesi with predominantly tropical rainforest climate (designated as ''Af'' in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The annual average temperature in the area is 24 °C. The warmest month is October, when the average temperature is around 26 °C, and the coldest is July, at 22 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2092 mm. The wettest month is August, with an average of 252 mm rainfall, and the driest is February, with 114 mm rainfall. See also *List of rivers of Indonesia *List of rivers of Sulawesi References {{Rivers in Indonesia Rivers of Central S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulawesi
Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. Within Indonesia, only Sumatra, Borneo, and New Guinea, Papua are larger in territory, and only Java and Sumatra have larger populations. The landmass of Sulawesi includes four peninsulas: the northern Minahassa Peninsula, Minahasa Peninsula, the East Peninsula, Sulawesi, East Peninsula, the South Peninsula, Sulawesi, South Peninsula, and the Southeast Peninsula, Sulawesi, Southeast Peninsula. Three gulfs separate these peninsulas: the Gulf of Tomini between the northern Minahasa and East peninsulas, the Tolo Gulf between the East and Southeast peninsulas, and the Bone Gulf between the South and Southeast peninsulas. The Strait of Makassar runs along the western side of the island and separates the island from Borneo. Etymology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi (Indonesian: ''Sulawesi Tengah'') is a province of Indonesia located at the centre of the island of Sulawesi. The administrative capital and largest city is located in Palu. The 2010 census recorded a population of 2,635,009 for the province, and the 2020 Census recorded 2,985,734, of whom 1,534,706 were male and 1,451,028 were female. The official estimate as at mid 2021 was 3,021,879. Central Sulawesi has an area of , the largest area among all provinces on Sulawesi Island, and has the second-largest population on Sulawesi Island after the province of South Sulawesi. It is bordered by the provinces of Gorontalo to the north, West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and South East Sulawesi to the south, by Maluku to the east, and by the Makassar Strait to the west. The province is inhabited by many ethnic groups, such as the Kaili, Tolitoli, etc. The official language of the province is Indonesian, which is used for official purposes and inter-ethnic communication, while th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dialect Cluster
A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be. This is a typical occurrence with widely spread languages and language families around the world, when these languages did not spread recently. Some prominent examples include the Indo-Aryan languages across large parts of India, varieties of Arabic across north Africa and southwest Asia, the Turkic languages, the Chinese languages or dialects, and subgroups of the Romance, Germanic and Slavic families in Europe. Leonard Bloomfield used the name dialect area. Charles F. Hockett used the term L-complex. Dialect continua typically occur in long-settled agrarian populations, as innovations spread from their various points of origin as waves. In this situation, hierarchical classifications of varieties are impractical. Inst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
