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Jacques Martin (pacifist)
Jacques Martin (1906–2001) was a French pacifist, one of the first conscientious objectors in France, and a Protestant pastor. His commitment to French Resistance and to the protection of persecuted Jews earned him the recognition of Yad Vashem as a "Righteous Among the Nations." publisher : Les Belles lettres, , 156 pages, pp. 78 à 99, last accessed 10 September 2016 He died in on 23 July 2001. Biography Youth and formative years Jacques Martin was born on 24 June 1906 in where his father was t ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pacifist
Pacifism is the opposition or resistance to war, militarism (including conscription and mandatory military service) or violence. Pacifists generally reject theories of Just War. The word ''pacifism'' was coined by the French peace campaigner Émile Arnaud and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress in Glasgow in 1901. A related term is ''ahimsa'' (to do no harm), which is a core philosophy in Indian Religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. While modern connotations are recent, having been explicated since the 19th century, ancient references abound. In modern times, interest was revived by Leo Tolstoy in his late works, particularly in ''The Kingdom of God Is Within You''. Mahatma Gandhi propounded the practice of steadfast nonviolent opposition which he called " satyagraha", instrumental in its role in the Indian Independence Movement. Its effectiveness served as inspiration to Martin Luther King Jr., James Lawson, Mary and Charl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berlin
Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constituent states, Berlin is surrounded by the State of Brandenburg and contiguous with Potsdam, Brandenburg's capital. Berlin's urban area, which has a population of around 4.5 million, is the second most populous urban area in Germany after the Ruhr. The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has around 6.2 million inhabitants and is Germany's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions. Berlin straddles the banks of the Spree, which flows into the Havel (a tributary of the Elbe) in the western borough of Spandau. Among the city's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree, Havel and Dahme, the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee. Due to its l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protestant Federation Of France
The Protestant Federation of France (''Fédération protestante de France'') is a religious organisation created on 25 October 1905, which united the main Protestant Christians, Christian groupings in France. The current president is Christian Krieger, who took over from previous president François Clavairoly in 2022. Federation The Protestant Federation of France may be further divided as follows: *Lutheranism, Lutheran *Reformed churches, Reformed *Evangelicalism, Evangelical *Pentecostalism, Pentecostal Exhaustive list (2019) of Churches or unions of Churches which are members of the PFF: * United Protestant Church of France (EPUF, '), 2013 union of the Reformed Church of France (ERF) and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in France (EELF) * Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine (UEPAL, '), 2006 union of the Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine (EPCAAL) and the Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine (EPRAL) * National Union ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philippe Pétain
Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), commonly known as Philippe Pétain (, ) or Marshal Pétain (french: Maréchal Pétain), was a French general who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as The Lion of Verdun (french: le lion de Verdun). From 1940 to 1944, during World War II, he served as head of the collaborationist regime of Vichy France. Pétain, who was 84 years old in 1940, remains the oldest person to become the head of state of France. During World War I, Pétain led the French Army to victory at the nine-month-long Battle of Verdun. After the failed Nivelle Offensive and subsequent mutinies he was appointed Commander-in-Chief and succeeded in repairing the army's confidence. Pétain remained in command for the rest of the war and emerged as a national hero. During the interwar period he was head of the peacetime French Army, commanded joint Franco-Spanish operations during the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vichy Anti-Jewish Legislation
Anti-Jewish laws were enacted by the Vichy France government in 1940 and 1941 affecting metropolitan France and its overseas territories during World War II. These laws were, in fact, decrees of head of state Marshal Philippe Pétain, since Parliament was no longer in office as of 11 July 1940. The motivation for the legislation was spontaneous and was not mandated by Germany. These laws were declared null and void on 9 August 1944 after liberation and on the restoration of republican legality. The statutes were aimed at depriving Jews of the right to hold public office, designating them as a lower class, and depriving them of citizenship. Many Jews were subsequently rounded up at Drancy internment camp before being deported for extermination in Nazi concentration camps. History The denaturalization law was enacted on 16 July 1940, barely a month after the announcement of the Vichy regime of Petain. On 22 July 1940, the Deputy Secretary of State Raphaël Alibert created a com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ganges, Hérault
Ganges (; Languedocien: ''Gange'') is a commune in the Hérault department in Occitanie in southern France. Location Ganges is situated at the confluence of the Hérault and Rieutord rivers. History The castle, of which only ruins remain, was the scene of a murder in the 17th century. The beautiful Dianne de Roussan was killed by her husband's brothers, who wanted her large fortune. They were caught and subsequently executed. Ganges became prosperous from the manufacture of fine silk stockings during the reign of Louis XIV. Natural silk was replaced by artificial, and later by nylon, and cottage industry gave way to factories; half a dozen or so still produce high quality stockings. In August 1944, German forces unsuccessfully tried to force a way down the Hérault valley through Ganges; they were repelled by the defence of the Aigoual-Cévennes ''maquis''.''Languedoc, Rousillon, Tarn Gorges.'' Population Tourism The area around Ganges offers extensive activities, includi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Rights League (France)
The Human Rights League (french: Ligue des droits de l’homme '' t du citoyen' or LDH) of France is a Human Rights NGO association to observe, defend and promulgation of Rights Man within the French Republic in all spheres of public life. The LDH is a member of the International Federation of Human Rights Leagues (FIDH). History The League was founded on 4 June 1898 by the republican Ludovic Trarieux to defend captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew wrongly convicted for treason – this would be known as the Dreyfus Affair. Dissolved by the anticommunist regime of Vichy during World War II, it was clandestinely reconstituted in 1943 by a central committee including Pierre Cot, René Cassin and Félix Gouin. The LDH was refounded after the Liberation. Paul Langevin, who had recently joined the French Communist Party (PCF), became its president. Opposed to the Algerian War and the massive use of torture by the French Army, the LDH called for demonstrations against the 1961 Algiers putsc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marc Sangnier
Marc Sangnier (; 3 April 1873, Paris – 28 May 1950, Paris) was a French Roman Catholic thinker and politician, who in 1894 founded ''Le Sillon'' ("The Furrow"), a social Catholic movement. Work Sangnier aimed to bring the Catholic Church into a greater conformity with French Republican ideals and to provide an alternative to anticlerical labour movements. The movement was initially successful, but was eventually condemned by Pope Pius X in the letter ''Notre charge apostolique'' in 1910. A plaque however in the garden of the Marc Sangnier Institute in Boulevard Raspail recalls the visit some years later of Cardinal Cerretti, the emissary of Pope Benedict XV. In 1912 Sangnier founded a replacement group, the Young Republic League to promote his vision of social Catholicism. Sangnier founded a newspaper, ''La Démocratie'', which campaigned for equality for women, proportional representation at elections, and for pacifism. He was also one of the pioneers of the French youth-h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Guéhenno
Jean Guéhenno born Marcel-Jules-Marie Guéhenno (25 March 1890 – 22 September 1978) was a French essayist, writer and literary critic. Life and career Jean Guéhenno, writer and educator, was a prominent contributor to the NRF. He was editor-in-chief of the literary journal ''Europe'' from 1929 until May 1936. Guéhenno wrote one novel, ''The Dead Youth'', based on his memories of World War I. During the Nazi occupation of France, Guéhenno refused to publish, believing to do so would be collaboration. Instead, he kept a secret journal, chronicling the infringement by the Vichy government of traditional French rights and values, and his own efforts on behalf of the Resistance. This was published in France in 1947. The first English translation of the journal, by David Ball, was published in 2014 under the title ''Diary of the Dark Years, 1940–1944''. According to the translator's introduction, it is "the book French readers have turned to most readily for an account of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
André Philip
André Philip (28 June 1902 – 5 July 1970) was a SFIO member who served in 1942 as Interior Minister under the Free French provisional government of General Charles de Gaulle. He also served as a finance minister in 1946 and part of 1947 in the Socialist‐led governments of Felix Gouin, Leon Blum and Paul Ramadier Paul Ramadier (17 March 1888 in La Rochelle – 14 October 1961 in Rodez) was a French statesman. Biography The son of a psychiatrist, Ramadier graduated in law from the University of Toulouse and started his profession as a lawyer in Par .... References External links * 1902 births 1970 deaths People from Pont-Saint-Esprit French Protestants Politicians from Occitania (administrative region) French Section of the Workers' International politicians Unified Socialist Party (France) politicians French Ministers of Finance French interior ministers Members of the 16th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the Constitue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alès
Alès (; oc, Alès) is a Communes of France, commune in the Gard Departments of France, department in the Occitania (administrative region), Occitanie regions of France, region in southern France. It is one of the Subprefectures in France, sub-prefectures of the department. It was formerly known as ''Alais''. Geography Alès lies north-northwest of Nîmes, on the left bank of the river Gardon d'Alès, which half surrounds it. It is located at the foot of the Cévennes, near the Cévennes National Park. Alès station has rail connections to Nîmes, Mende and Clermont-Ferrand. History Alès may be the modern successor of Arisitum, where, in about 570, Sigebert I, Sigebert, King of Austrasia, created a bishopric. In his campaign against the Visigoths, the Merovingian dynasty, Merovingian king Theudebert I (533–548) conquered part of the territory of the Diocese of Nîmes. His later successor Sigebert set up the new diocese, comprising fifteen parishes in the area controlled ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Reserve Force
A military reserve force is a military organization whose members have military and civilian occupations. They are not normally kept under arms, and their main role is to be available when their military requires additional manpower. Reserve forces are generally considered part of a permanent standing body of armed forces, and allow a nation to reduce its peacetime military expenditures and maintain a force prepared for war. In countries with a volunteer military, such as Canada, Spain, the United States and the United Kingdom, reserve forces are civilians who maintain military skills by training periodically (typically one weekend per month). They may do so as individuals or as members of standing reserve regiments—for example, the UK's Army Reserve (United Kingdom), Army Reserve. A militia, home guard, State defense force, state guard or state military may constitute part of a military reserve force, such as the National Guard (United States), United States National Guard a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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