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John J. Smith
John James Smith (1820 – 1906) was a barber shop owner, abolitionist, a three-term Massachusetts state representative, and one of the first African-American members of the Boston Common Council. A Republican, he served three terms in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He was born in Richmond Virginia. He took part in the California Gold Rush. During the 1840s and 50s, Smith's barbershop on the north slope of Beacon Hill was a center of abolitionist activity, and provided shelter to freedom seekers on the Underground Railroad. During the Civil War, Smith recruited soldiers for the black regiments of Massachusetts. While serving on the Boston Common Council in 1878, Smith was responsible for the hiring of Boston's first black police officer. Biography Early life and education Smith was born free in Richmond, Virginia, on November 2, 1820. At as youth he heard stories about Boston, and made up his mind to settle there. By the time he was 20, he had saved enoug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John James Smith
John James "J.J." Smith (9 May 1912 – 23 June 1987) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. Born in Storthoaks, Saskatchewan, Canada, he was educated at Fertile, Saskatchewan and became a farmer by career. Smith became reeve of Storthoaks No. 31, Saskatchewan, the youngest person in Saskatchewan at that time to hold a municipal leadership. He was first elected to Parliament at the Moose Mountain riding in the 1949 general election. After serving his only federal term, the 21st Canadian Parliament, Smith was defeated in the 1953 election by Edward McCullough of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. Smith was unsuccessful at winning the Moose Mountain riding in 1957 and 1958. J.J. Smith died on 23 June 1987 at Winnipeg. He had resided in Burnaby, British Columbia Burnaby is a city in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia, Canada. Located in the centre of the Burrard Peninsula, it neighbours the City of Vancouver to the west, the Dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was a network of clandestine routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early- to mid-19th century. It was used by enslaved African Americans primarily to escape into free states and Canada. The network was assisted by abolitionists and others sympathetic to the cause of the escapees. The enslaved persons who risked escape and those who aided them are also collectively referred to as the "Underground Railroad". Various other routes led to Mexico, where slavery had been abolished, and to islands in the Caribbean that were not part of the slave trade. An earlier escape route running south toward Florida, then a Spanish possession (except 1763–1783), existed from the late 17th century until approximately 1790. However, the network now generally known as the Underground Railroad began in the late 18th century. It ran north and grew steadily until the Emancipation Proclamation was signed by President Abraham Lincoln.Vox, Lisa"How D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Latimer (escaped Slave)
George Washington Latimer (July 4, 1819 – May 29, 1897https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/N7YN-33B ) was an escaped enslaved person whose case became a major political issue in Massachusetts. Early life George Washington Latimer was born in Norfolk, Virginia. His father, Mitchell Latimer, was a white man and his mother, Margaret Olmsted, a woman who was enslaved by his uncle Edward A. Latimer.Davis, Asa J"The George Latimer Case: A Benchmark in the Struggle for Freedom" 1980. In the early part of his life he was enslaved by a man named Edward Mallery and was a "domestic servant" until the age of sixteen. After that time, his labor was hired out and he primarily worked driving a dray and as a shopkeeper. On two separate occasions, he spent time in prison as a result of the debts of his enslaver. He was eventually sold to enslaver James B. Gray.Rodriguez, Junius P. ''Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion, Volume 1''. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2007. Gray was a shop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concord, Massachusetts
Concord () is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. At the 2020 census, the town population was 18,491. The United States Census Bureau considers Concord part of Greater Boston. The town center is near where the confluence of the Sudbury and Assabet rivers forms the Concord River. The area that became the town of Concord was originally known as Musketaquid, an Algonquian word for "grassy plain." Concord was established in 1635 by a group of English settlers; by 1775, the population had grown to 1,400. As dissension between colonists in North America and the British crown intensified, 700 troops were sent to confiscate militia ordnance stored at Concord on April 19, 1775.Chidsey, p. 6. This is the total size of Smith's force. The ensuing conflict, the battles of Lexington and Concord, were the incidents (including the shot heard round the world) that triggered the American Revolutionary War. A rich literary community developed in Concord during the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cambridge ( ) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. As part of the Boston metropolitan area, the cities population of the 2020 U.S. census was 118,403, making it the fourth most populous city in the state, behind Boston, Worcester, and Springfield. It is one of two de jure county seats of Middlesex County, although the county's executive government was abolished in 1997. Situated directly north of Boston, across the Charles River, it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England, once also an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town's founders. Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Lesley University, and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge, as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard. Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet" owing to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shadrach Minkins
Shadrach Minkins (c. 1814 – December 13, 1875) was an African-American fugitive slave from Virginia who escaped in 1850 and reached Boston. He also used the pseudonyms Frederick Wilkins and Frederick Jenkins.Collison (1998), p. 1. He is known for being freed from a courtroom in Boston after being captured by United States marshals under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Members of the Boston Vigilance Committee freed and hid him, helping him get to Canada via the Underground Railroad. Minkins settled in Montreal, where he raised a family. Two men were prosecuted in Boston for helping free him, but they were acquitted by the jury. Early life Minkins was born into slavery about 1817 in Norfolk, Virginia. Escape and capture He escaped from slavery at age 33 in 1850 and reached Boston, Massachusetts, where he became a waiter. Later that year, Congress enacted the Fugitive Slave Act, which allowed federal agents to seize escaped slaves living in free states and return them to thei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ellen And William Craft
Ellen Craft (1826–1891) and William Craft (September 25, 1824 – January 29, 1900) were American fugitives who were born and enslaved in Macon, Georgia. They escaped to the North in December 1848 by traveling by train and steamboat, arriving in Philadelphia on Christmas Day. Ellen crossed the boundaries of race, class and gender by passing as a white male planter with William posing as her personal servant. Their daring escape was widely publicized, making them among the most famous of fugitives from slavery. Abolitionists featured them in public lectures to gain support in the struggle to end the institution. As prominent fugitives, they were threatened by slave catchers in Boston after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, so the Crafts emigrated to England. They lived there for nearly two decades and raised five children. The Crafts lectured publicly about their escape and challenged the Confederacy during the American Civil War. In 1860 they published a written ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fugitive Slave Act Of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Act or Fugitive Slave Law was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern interests in slavery and Northern Free-Soilers. The Act was one of the most controversial elements of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a slave power conspiracy. It required that all escaped slaves, upon capture, be returned to the slaver and that officials and citizens of free states had to cooperate. Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Bill", after the dogs that were used to track down people fleeing from slavery. The Act contributed to the growing polarization of the country over the issue of slavery, and was one of the factors that led to the Civil War. Background By 1843, several hundred enslaved people a year escaped to the North successfully, making slavery an unstable institution in the border states. The earlier Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was a Federal law that was written w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New England Freedom Association
The New England Freedom Association (c.1842 – c.1848) was an organization founded by African Americans in Boston for the purpose of assisting fugitive slaves. History The New England Freedom Association was founded in 1842Quarles (1969), p. 153. or 1843,Nell (2002), p. 18. and existed for about five years. Its founding members included William Cooper Nell, Henry Weeden, Judith Smith, Mary L. Armstead, Thomas Cummings, and Robert Wood. They raised "funds to aid those of our friends who flee to the land of the Pilgrims for their liberty." Meetings were held in the African Meeting House on Beacon Hill. In December 1845, the association announced in the '' Liberator'' that it had reorganized. Its officers were: * President: Henry Weeden * Vice-President: Joshua V. Smith (possibly a misprint for Joshua B. Smith) * Corresponding Secretary: John S. Jacobs * Recording Secretary: Thomas Cummings * Treasurer: John P. Coburn * Directors: James Johnson, Peter Avery, John St. Pierre, Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Sumner
Charles Sumner (January 6, 1811March 11, 1874) was an American statesman and United States Senator from Massachusetts. As an academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the anti-slavery forces in the state and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the U.S. Senate during the American Civil War. During Reconstruction, he fought to minimize the power of the ex-Confederates and guarantee equal rights to the freedmen. He fell into a dispute with President Ulysses Grant, a fellow Republican, over the control of Santo Domingo, leading to the stripping of his power in the Senate and his subsequent effort to defeat Grant's re-election. Sumner changed his political party several times as anti-slavery coalitions rose and fell in the 1830s and 1840s before coalescing in the 1850s as the Republican Party, the affiliation with which he became best known. He devoted his enormous energies to the destruction of what Republicans called the Slave Power, that is, to the endin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lewis Hayden
Lewis Hayden (December 2, 1811 – April 7, 1889) escaped slavery in Kentucky with his family and escaped to Canada. He established a school for African Americans before moving to Boston, Massachusetts to aid in the abolition movement. There he became an abolitionist, lecturer, businessman, and politician. Before the American Civil War, he and his wife Harriet Hayden aided numerous fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad, often sheltering them at their house. Hayden was elected in 1873 as a Republican representative from Boston to the Massachusetts state legislature. He helped found numerous black lodges of Freemasons. Located on the north side of Beacon Hill, the Lewis and Harriet Hayden House has been designated a National Historic Site on the Black Heritage Trail in Boston. Biography Early life Lewis Hayden was born into slavery in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1811, as one of a family of 25. His mother was of mixed race, including African, European, and Native American a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roberts V
Roberts may refer to: People * Roberts (given name), a Latvian masculine given name * Roberts (surname), a popular surname, especially among the Welsh Places * Roberts (crater), a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon ;United States * Roberts, Idaho * Roberts, Illinois * Roberts, Indiana * Roberts, West Virginia * Roberts, Wisconsin * Roberts County, South Dakota * Roberts County, Texas * Mount Roberts (New Hampshire), a summit in the Ossipee Mountains Facilities and structures * The old name of Brandeis/Roberts (MBTA station) * Roberts Stadium (other) Other uses * Roberts class monitor, a class of British warship * USS ''Samuel B. Roberts'' (FFG-58), a U.S. Navy frigate * Roberts Cycles, a cycle manufacturer (also known as Chas. Roberts) * Roberts Radio, a radio manufacturer * .257 Roberts, a medium-powered .25 caliber cartridge * Roberts (company), a Swedish soft drinks manufacturer See also * * * Strebor, a lock manufacturer (Roberts spel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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