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Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann (7 December 1820 in Sankt Pauli – 28 July 1899 in Hamburg) was a German lawyer and politician. He was the first president of the new '' Bürgerschaft of Hamburg'' in 1859 and dominated the politics of the Hanseatic state as first or second mayor between 1887 and 1899. Life Versmann was educated in the classical institutions of the city, Christianeum, where he established a lifelong friendship with the classical scholar Theodor Mommsen, and Johanneum until 1840. He studied law at the Georgia Augusta in Göttingen and at the Ruperto Carola in Heidelberg until 1844 and settled as lawyer in Hamburg in the same year. Versmann came in contact with the ideas of liberalism during his studies and stayed with them throughout his life. Politics The lawyer was elected as a liberal member of the Hamburger Konstituante in 1848 but the restoration, supported and enforced by Prussian troops during the First Schleswig War, led to the removal of this bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Mayors Of Hamburg
The following is a chronological list of mayors of Hamburg, a city-state in Germany. The mayors are the head of the city-state, part of the government of Hamburg. Since 1861, according to the constitution of 28 September 1860, the state has been governed by the ten-member Senate, which had previously been called the ''council'' (in the German language of that time: ''Rath''). It is headed by the First Mayor of Hamburg (German title: ''Erster Bürgermeister der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg'') as the President of the Senate. The deputy is the Second Mayor. For much of its history, Hamburg was a free imperial city and later a sovereign state; the position of First Mayor historically was equivalent to that of a sovereign head of state. In the 1871–1918 German Empire, the Hamburg First Mayor was equivalent to the federal princes of the 23 German monarchies (4 of whom held the title of King and the others holding titles such as Grand Duke, Duke or Sovereign Prince). Since 1918, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality and equality before the law."political rationalism, hostility to autocracy, cultural distaste for conservatism and for tradition in general, tolerance, and ... individualism". John Dunn. ''Western Political Theory in the Face of the Future'' (1993). Cambridge University Press. . Liberals espouse various views depending on their understanding of these principles. However, they generally support private property, market economies, individual rights (including civil rights and human rights), liberal democracy, secularism, rule of law, economic and political freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion. Liberalism is frequently cited as the dominant ideology of modern times.Wolfe, p. 23.Adams, p. 11. Liberalism became a distinct movement in the Age of Enlightenment, gaining popularity ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Senators Of Hamburg (before 1919)
A Senator is a member of a senate, such as the United States Senate. Senator or Senators may also refer to: People * Senator (bishop of Milan) (died 475), also known as Senator of Settala *Senator (consul 436), a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire *Henry of Castile the Senator (1230–1303), Castilian infante; the fourth son of Ferdinand III of Castile by Beatrice of Swabia *"The Senator", nickname for American jazz bassist Eugene Wright, member of The Dave Brubeck Quartet * Hermann Senator (1834–1911), German internist physician * Ronald Senator (1926–2015), British composer Sport teams *Ottawa Senators, a Canadian hockey team * Washington Senators (1961-1971), a U.S. baseball team in the American League, now the Texas Rangers * Washington Senators (1901–1905 and 1956–1960), a U.S. baseball team in the American League, based in Washington from 1901 to 1960 though officially named the Nationals during 1905–1955, now the Minnesota Twins *Washington Senators (1891-1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Members Of The Hamburg Parliament
Member may refer to: * Military jury, referred to as "Members" in military jargon * Element (mathematics), an object that belongs to a mathematical set * In object-oriented programming, a member of a class ** Field (computer science), entries in a database ** Member variable, a variable that is associated with a specific object * Limb (anatomy), an appendage of the human or animal body ** Euphemism for penis * Structural component of a truss, connected by nodes * User (computing), a person making use of a computing service, especially on the Internet * Member (geology), a component of a geological formation * Member of parliament * The Members, a British punk rock band * Meronymy, a semantic relationship in linguistics * Church membership, belonging to a local Christian congregation, a Christian denomination and the universal Church * Member, a participant in a club or learned society A learned society (; also learned academy, scholarly society, or academic association) is an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mayors Of Hamburg
The following is a chronological list of mayors of Hamburg, a city-state in Germany. The mayors are the head of the city-state, part of the government of Hamburg. Since 1861, according to the constitution of 28 September 1860, the state has been governed by the ten-member Senate, which had previously been called the ''council'' (in the German language of that time: ''Rath''). It is headed by the First Mayor of Hamburg (German title: ''Erster Bürgermeister der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg'') as the President of the Senate. The deputy is the Second Mayor. For much of its history, Hamburg was a free imperial city and later a sovereign state; the position of First Mayor historically was equivalent to that of a sovereign head of state. In the 1871–1918 German Empire, the Hamburg First Mayor was equivalent to the federal princes of the 23 German monarchies (4 of whom held the title of King and the others holding titles such as Grand Duke, Duke or Sovereign Prince). Since 1918, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'' (ADB, german: Universal German Biography) is one of the most important and comprehensive biographical reference works in the German language. It was published by the Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences between 1875 and 1912 in 56 volumes, printed in Leipzig by Duncker & Humblot. The ADB contains biographies of about 26,500 people who died before 1900 and lived in the German language Sprachraum of their time, including people from the Netherlands before 1648. Its successor, the '' Neue Deutsche Biographie'', was started in 1953 and is planned to be finished in 2023. The index and full-text articles of ADB and NDB are freely available online via the website ''German Biography'' (''Deutsche Biographie''). Notes References * * External links * ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'' - full-text articles at German Wikisource Wikisource is an online digital library of free-content textual sources on a wiki, operated b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich Krüger (diplomat)
Daniel Christian Friedrich Krüger was a diplomat in the service of the city state of Lübeck and also jointly of the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Hamburg and Bremen. He was born in Lübeck on 22 September 1819 and died in Berlin on 17 January 1896.Daniel Christian Friedrich Krüger in General German Biography (ADB ), Vol. 51, pp. 404–408, publ. 1906 de.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=ADB:Krüger,_Daniel_Christian_Friedrich&oldid=2785518 Retrieved Feb 2018 Early life Krüger was the son of a Lübeck Senator. After attending the Lübeck Gymnasium, he studied jurisprudence at the universities of Bonn, Berlin, and Göttingen and completed his professional training by a long stay abroad, particularly Paris. In 1844, Krüger became a lawyer in Lübeck and was appointed procurator in the lower court and the court of appeals. Krüger's efficiency was fully acknowledged and in 1850 the city sent him as its representative to the Erfurt Union and the following year to the Elbe Ship Nav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karl Hermann Bitter
Karl Hermann Bitter (27 February 1813 – 12 September 1885) was a Prussian statesman and writer on music. Biography He was born at Schwedt, Province of Brandenburg, and studied law and cameralistics at Berlin and Bonn. He served as the plenipotentiary of Prussia on the Danube Commission from 1856 to 1860, was prefect of the Department of Vosges during the Franco-Prussian War. He later became minister of finance (1879), an office in which he displayed exceptional ability. He increased the indirect duties derived from the so-called tobacco monopoly and the tax on spirits and malt, and introduced the “Börsensteuer” (tax on the bourse). He concluded the commercial treaty with the city of Hamburg by which that city entered the German Customs Union The (), or German Customs Union, was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories. Organized by the 1833 treaties, it formally started on 1 January 1834. However, its f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hugo Roeloffs
Hugo Amandus Roeloffs (1844 –1928), was a Syndicus of the Senate of Hamburg. Early life Roeloffs was born on 2 May 1844 in Hamburg, then an independent free city and member of the German Confederation. He grew up in Hamburg and had to leave school at the age of 13 to contribute to the family's livelihood. During the economic crisis of 1857 he became a clerk in the law firm Dres. Albrecht & G. Hertz.Aus der alten Ratsstube: Erinnerungen 1905–1918, by Adolf Buehl, publ. Hamburg 1973, pp. 46–51 From 1861, Roeoff was a court recorder at the Hamburg Commercial Court under Johannes Versmann, who had been elected to the Hamburg Senate the same year. In 1864, when Versmann was President of the Deputation for Indirect Taxes and Duties, he offered to Roeloffs the post of interim customs guard and excise-guard, which Roeloffs accepted. Roeloffs quickly became the expert on tax issues in the Hamburg State Administration and belonged to the Deputation until his retirement in 1913.Allgem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Customs Union
The (), or German Customs Union, was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories. Organized by the 1833 treaties, it formally started on 1 January 1834. However, its foundations had been in development from 1818 with the creation of a variety of custom unions among the German states. By 1866, the included most of the German states. The Zollverein was not part of the German Confederation (1815-1866). The foundation of the was the first instance in history in which independent states consummated a full economic union without the simultaneous creation of a political federation or union. Prussia was the primary driver behind the creation of the customs union. Austria was excluded from the because of its highly protectionist trade policy, the unwillingness to split its customs territory into the separate Austrian, Hungarian and Galician-Lodomerian ones, as well as due to opposition of Prince von Metternich to the idea. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cabinet (government)
A cabinet is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the executive branch's top leaders. Members of a cabinet are usually called cabinet ministers or secretaries. The function of a cabinet varies: in some countries, it is a collegiate decision-making body with collective responsibility, while in others it may function either as a purely advisory body or an assisting institution to a decision-making head of state or head of government. Cabinets are typically the body responsible for the day-to-day management of the government and response to sudden events, whereas the legislative and judicial branches work in a measured pace, in sessions according to lengthy procedures. In some countries, particularly those that use a parliamentary system (e.g., the UK), the Cabinet collectively decides the government's direction, especially in regard to legislation passed by the parliament. In countries with a presidential system, such as the United States, the Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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