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Jesuits Law (1872)
The Jesuits Law (''Jesuitengesetz'') of 4 July 1872 forbade Jesuit institutions on the soil of the new German empire. It was part of a broader intensification of church-state rivalry that emerged in the final decades of the nineteenth century in much of Europe as nationalism flourished, and secular states took a more assertive role in the daily lives of individuals. Within Germany, sources generally identify the resulting church-state struggle as the '' Kulturkampf'' (literally ''"cultural struggle"'', and meaning a cultural battle or war). Content, political context and consequences The core focus of the Kulturkampf laws went back to the individual states that together comprised the newly unified German Empire and which still enjoyed considerable autonomy within it. Apart from the so-called Pulpit Law, the Jesuits Law was one of very few Kulturkampf legislative measures enacted at a national level. Some of the new laws of the 1870s, notably the Prussian School inspections law ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Society Of Jesus
, image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders = , founding_location = , type = Order of clerics regular of pontifical right (for men) , headquarters = Generalate:Borgo S. Spirito 4, 00195 Roma-Prati, Italy , coords = , region_served = Worldwide , num_members = 14,839 members (includes 10,721 priests) as of 2020 , leader_title = Motto , leader_name = la, Ad Majorem Dei GloriamEnglish: ''For the Greater Glory of God'' , leader_title2 = Superior General , leader_name2 = Fr. Arturo Sosa, SJ , leader_title3 = Patron saints , leader_name3 = , leader_title4 = Ministry , leader_name4 = Missionary, educational, literary works , main_organ = La Civiltà Cattoli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otto Bähr
Otto Bähr (2 June 1817 – 17 February 1895) was a German legal scholar and liberal parliamentarian. He supported the view, not always well accepted by governments, that since the State was part of society, it must be judged in the same courts as individual citizens. Life Early years Bähr was born in Fulda, then as now a small historic town slightly more than 100 km (65 miles) north-east of Frankfurt in a region of the former Holy Roman Empire, at the time still with a somewhat ambiguous constitutional status, known as the Electorate of Hesse. His father was an army doctor. He devoted his own student studies to Jurisprudence and Cameralism (''Kameralwissenschaften'') at Göttingen and Marburg. Legal career In 1848 Otto Bähr was a member of a commission established to codify the administration of civil justice in the Electorate of Hesse. In 1844 he had obtained a post as a junior Hugh Court judge (''Obergerichts-Assessor''), and in 1849 he became a more senior Hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moritz Klotz
Moritz Klotz (6 August 1813 – 11 August 1892) was a Berlin judge who became a politician in Prussia and, after 1871, in Germany. His unusually long political career provides a line of continuity between the idealistic liberalisms of 1848 and the political liberalism that manifested itself in Germany after unification. Life Klotz was born into a Protestant family in Potsdam during the closing years of the Napoleonic Wars. He attended secondary school (''Gymnasium'') in Potsdam and then went on to study jurisprudence at the university in nearby Berlin between 1831 and 1834. He was articled in 1836, and in 1840 he had was appointed a junior judge (''Kammergerichtsassessor'') in the second Berlin district court, later becoming a Special Commissioner with the Berlin General Commission. In 1848 Moritz Klotz was one of the members of the short-lived Prussian National Assembly in Berlin. Following the end of the reactionary period that ensued, in 1860 he became a member ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carl Herz
Carl Herz (21 December 18318 May 1897, Aschaffenburg) was a German lawyer, and, between 1871 and 1883, Member of Parliament (''Reichstagsabgeordneter''). Life The lawyer Carl Herz was born into a catholic family in Würzburg, where he attended school locally. He began his university studies in 1851, studying Jurisprudence at Würzburg and then at Heidelberg. This was followed by a period of educational tours (''"Bildungsreisen"'') abroad, which took in France, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, North Germany and Denmark. He obtained a job with the district court in Nuremberg in 1868. After this, in 1871, he became a "supply prosecutor", substituting for any absences of permanent officers, in Aschaffenburg and Munich. Later in the same year he obtained a permanent post as a public prosecutor in Munich. Between 1883 and 1897 Carl Herz served as president of the district court (''"Landgerichtspräsident"'') in Aschaffenburg. The politician Bavaria Late in 1869, ahead of the 187 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adolf Hermann Hagen
Adolf Hermann Wilhelm Hagen (23 September 1820 – 17 August 1894) was a public official in Prussia. He was also a banker and a liberal politician. He is known for the "Hagen resolution", presented in the Prussian House of Representatives in 1862, which triggered a general election and heralded the end of the so-called (and as matters turned out short-lived) "New Era" in Prussian politics. Early life Adolf Hagen (in some sources ''Adolph'' Hagen) was born into a leading family of successful intellectuals in Königsberg, the principal city in what was then East Prussia. His father was Carl Heinrich Hagen, a leading lawyer, socio-economist and senior government official. An uncle was the pioneering professor for Art history and Aesthetics, Ernst August Hagen. The chemist Karl Gottfried Hagen was his grandfather. Career Hagen studied jurisprudence at Königsberg and then, in 1843, entered into public service in Königsberg. In 1854 he became "city treasurer" (''Stad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwig Joseph Gerstner
Joseph Gerstner (10 October 1830 - 20 March 1883) was an economics professor and a scholar of constitutional law who became a politician ( DFP). Life Dr. Ludwig Joseph Gerstner was born into a Catholic family in Burg Abenberg, a small town in the hilly countryside south of Nuremberg. Sources are silent on his father's profession. His family appears to have relocated to the other side of Nuremberg, since he attended the secondary school ("Gymnasium") at Bamberg till 1849. Between 1849 and 1853 he studied at Erlangen after which for several years he ran his own legal practice. He received a doctorate from Tübingen in May 1856 for a dissertation on the importance of teaching basic economics at elementary and middle schools. A year later he received his habilitation (higher degree) back at Erlangen. In 1862 Gerstner was appointed a Professor of National Economics (''"Staatswirtschaft"'') at the University of Würzburg. In his "Basic primer on National Administration" ('' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edward Banks (politician)
Edward Bartels Banks (1 January 1836 – 22 May 1883) was a lawyer who became a politician and a member of the newly established Reichstag (German parliament) in 1871. His great grandfather, William Banks, was an English merchant who had relocated to Hamburg. Life Banks came from a political family. His father, Edward Banks (1795–1851), was a Hamburg Syndicus while his maternal grandfather, Johann Heinrich Bartels (1761–1851) had been a mayor of the city. A brother in law was the writer-historian (1812–1891). He attended school in Hamburg and Lübeck, before moving on to study Law at Tübingen and Göttingen. While at Tübingen he became a member of the Germania student fraternity.Helge Dvorak: ''Biografisches Lexikon der Deutschen Burschenschaft.''Band/Volume I Politiker, Teilband 1: A-E. Heidelberg 1996, p. 46. After an eighteen-month world tour, in 1860 he settled back in Hamburg to work as a lawyer. In 1865 joined the firm. In 1866 Banks was elected to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julius Dickert
Julius Dickert (25 June 1816 – 12 August 1896) was a teacher from West Prussia who later entered into politics. After the Unification, he served as a Progressive member of the national Reichstag between 1871 and 1878. Life Julius Dickert was born in Neuteich,This is the birth location according to the "Album amicorum", Wilhelm Schmiedeberg's album of portraits of his friends. Other sources give Dickert's birth location as Elbing, roughly 25km (16 miles) to the east of Neuteich. a small town then in West Prussia. He attended the protestant Gymnasium (secondary school) at Elbing, a short distance to the east, before progressing to the University of Königsberg where, starting in 1837, for three years he studied Protestant Theology then moving on to include Philology. There is a water-colour portrait of Dickert included in the contents listing Pages of Memory, a compilation of student portraits by Wilhelm Schmiedeberg who was a contemporary at Königsberg, although t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franz Wigard
Franz Jacob Wigard (31 May 1807 – 25 September 1885) was a German physician who eventually built a career as a liberal politician in the Kingdom of Saxony. He belonged to the "Freireligiösen" (religious humanist) movement and also championed the use of Shorthand. Before and after 1871 he sat as a member of the German Reichstag. Life Early years Wigard was born in Mannheim in the summer of 1807, during the Napoleonic War. His father's occupation is given as court librarian (''"Sekretär hofbibliothek"''). Between 1826 and 1832 he attended the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich where his studies covered Roman Catholic theology, philosophy, jurisprudence and cameralism (Administration sciences). In 1827 he joined the prestigious Corps Palatia Munich (student fraternity). Kösener Korps-Listen 1910, 175, 249 He undertook a training in stenography (shorthand) with Franz Xaver Gabelsberger and entered government service. In 1831 he was recorded working as a sten ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moritz Wiggers
Moritz Karl Georg Wiggers (October 17, 1816 – July 30, 1894), German politician, started out as a lawyer and a notary in his home town of Rostock. The Revolution of 1848 prompted him to enter public life as a representative to the Mecklenburg constitutional convention, of which he was also elected president. Once the constitution was adopted in 1849, he was elected to its legislature, again being named president. A court of arbitration in Freienwalde declared the constitution as invalid, and the legislature was dissolved in 1850. Wiggers regarded this action as illegal and called the legislature to meet again, but this was prevented by force. He was also tried for aiding the flight of Gottfried Kinkel from Spandau prison, but was acquitted. Nevertheless, he was caught up by the "Rostock high-treason proceedings." A police agent had infiltrated Wiggers' democratic club, and in 1853, he was tried for conspiracy and imprisoned. On his release in 1857, he remained a private citiz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franz Duncker
Franz Duncker (4 June 1822 – 18 June 1888) was a German publisher, left-liberal politicianHans-Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte: Von der "Deutschen Doppelrevolution" bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges, 1849–1914. (= Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte. Vol 3). C. H. Beck, 1995, , p. 162, 259, 438. and social reformer. Life Family provenance and early years Franz Gustav Duncker was one of the sons of the publisher Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Duncker. His brothers included the publisher Alexander Duncker, the historian Maximilian Wolfgang Duncker and the Berlin mayor, . Duncker studied Philosophy and :History at Berlin. During this time he joined the "Alt Berliner" student fraternity and in 1842 another student fraternity, the "Leseverein". After this he returned to the family publishing business. In 1848 he served as a captain (''"Hauptmann"'') in the Berlin Citizen Militia (''"Bürgerwehr"''). The next year, 1849, he married Karoline Wilhelmine "Lina" Ten ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Progress Party
The German Progress Party (german: Deutsche Fortschrittspartei, DFP) was the first modern political party in Germany, founded by liberal members of the Prussian House of Representatives () in 1861 in opposition to Minister President Otto von Bismarck. History Upon the failed Revolutions of 1848, several deputies in the Landtag diet of Prussia maintained the idea of constitutionalism as it had been developed in the ''Vormärz'' era. In the 1850s, these Old Liberals gathered in a parliamentary group around Georg von Vincke, an originally conservative Prussian official and landowner ('' Junker''). Vincke, former member of the Frankfurt Parliament, a polished orator and firebrand, had fallen out with Prime Minister Otto Theodor von Manteuffel over his reactionary policies and in 1852 even fought a duel with Bismarck after a heated verbal exchange in parliament (both men missed). When under the regency of William I of Prussia from 1858 the Prussian policies of the new era turned ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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