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Jean Zyromski
Jean Zyromski (20 April 1890 — 20 October 1975) was a French socialist politician. He was one of the leaders of the SFIO and of the ''Bataille Socialiste'' tendency on the left of the party during the interwar period and later, after the Second World War, a member of the Parti Communiste Francais (PCF). Zyromski advocated for national defense against Nazi Germany, as well as rapprochement between the SFIO and the PCF. Early life Jean Zyromski was born in a bourgeois and Catholic, yet republican, family of Polish noble origin. His father, Ernest Zyromski, was a literary critic and a professor at the University of Toulouse, where Jean studied law later in his life. In 1913, he published his thesis focused on the question of employee rights, which followed his later political engagements. Having discovered Marxism during his studies, he joined the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in 1912, becoming close to the '' guesdiste'' current under the influence of Alexa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nevers
Nevers ( , ; la, Noviodunum, later ''Nevirnum'' and ''Nebirnum'') is the prefecture of the Nièvre Departments of France, department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Regions of France, region in central France. It was the principal city of the former provinces of France, province of Nivernais. It is south-southeast of Paris. History Nevers first enters written history as Noviodunum, a town held by the Aedui at Ancient Rome, Roman contact. The quantities of medals and other Roman antiquities found on the site indicate the importance of the place, and in 52 BCE, Julius Caesar made Noviodunum, which he describes as in a convenient position on the banks of the Loire, a depot (''B. G.'' vii. 55). There, he had his hostages, corn and military chest, with the money in it allowed him from home for the war, his own and his army's baggage and a great number of horses which had been bought for him in Spain and Italy. After his failure before Gergovia, the Aedui at Noviodunum massacred t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Léon Blum
André Léon Blum (; 9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French socialist politician and three-time Prime Minister. As a Jew, he was heavily influenced by the Dreyfus affair of the late 19th century. He was a disciple of French Socialist leader Jean Jaurès and after Jaurès' assassination in 1914, became his successor. Despite his relatively short tenures, his time in office was very influential: as Prime Minister in the left-wing Popular Front government in 1936–37, he provided a series of major economic and social reforms. Blum declared neutrality in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) to avoid the civil conflict spilling over into France itself. Once out of office in 1938, he denounced the appeasement of Germany. When Germany defeated France in 1940, he became a staunch opponent of Vichy France. Tried (but never judged) by the Vichy government on charges of treason, he was imprisoned in the Buchenwald concentration camp. After the war, he resumed a transitional lea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
League Of Nations
The League of Nations (french: link=no, Société des Nations ) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. The main organization ceased operations on 20 April 1946 but many of its components were relocated into the new United Nations. The League's primary goals were stated in its Covenant. They included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. Its other concerns included labour conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, human and drug trafficking, the arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe. The Covenant of the League of Nations was signed on 28 June 1919 as Part I of the Treaty of Versailles, and it became effective together with the rest of the Treaty on 10 January 1920. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Popular Front (France)
The Popular Front (french: Front populaire) was an alliance of French left-wing movements, including the communist French Communist Party (PCF), the socialist French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) and the progressive Radical-Socialist Republican Party, during the interwar period. Three months after the victory of the Spanish Popular Front, the Popular Front won the May 1936 legislative election, leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader Léon Blum and exclusively composed of republican and SFIO ministers. Blum's government implemented various social reforms. The workers' movement welcomed this electoral victory by launching a general strike in May–June 1936, resulting in the negotiation of the Matignon Agreements, one of the cornerstones of social rights in France. All employees were assured a two-week paid vacation, and the rights of unions were strengthened. The socialist movement's euphoria was apparent in SFIO member Marceau Pi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adrien Marquet
Adrien Marquet (6 October 1884 – 3 February 1955) was a socialist mayor of Bordeaux who turned to the far right. Career Marquet was born in Bordeaux and became its socialist mayor in 1925. In 1933, he was expelled from the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO). The expulsion involved an address to the SFIO in which he emphasized order and authority as necessary to win the masses; his position frightened Léon Blum. He and Marcel Déat then formed the Neosocialists. Later, he declared the faction to be decidedly anti-Marxist. He eventually abandoned any form of socialism and briefly served as Minister of the Interior for Philippe Pétain. Later, like Déat, he became a supporter of Pierre Laval. See also * List of mayors of Bordeaux Before the French Revolution, the municipality of Bordeaux was headed by the jurat (french: Jurat). The first mayor of Bordeaux (french: maire de Bordeaux, links=no) was elected in 1794. List Chief-Jurats (1208–1244) * Pierre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Renaudel
Pierre Renaudel (19 December 1871 – 1 April 1935) was a French socialist politician and journalist. Biography He served as central committee member of the League of Human Rights (''Ligue des droits de l'homme'', LDH), was a founder and ''majoritaire'' of the Socialist Party of France (PSdF). He urged the party to work with the Radicals and wanted the party to build coalition cabinets as he felt the alternative, would be instability and reaction. Renaudel was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and a national leader of the French Section of the Workers' International (''Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière'', SFIO). He was editor of the daily newspaper ''L'Humanité''; and was the founder and political editor of the socialist weekly publication, '' La Vie Socialiste''. He was characterized as a right-wing parliamentary leader of the Socialists in the Var. Renaudel was an editor of ''L'Humanité'' from 1914 through the end of World War I. It was said that, "his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marcel Déat
Marcel Déat (7 March 1894 – 5 January 1955) was a French politician. Initially a socialist and a member of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), he led a breakaway group of right-wing ' Neosocialists' out of the SFIO in 1933. During the occupation of France by Nazi Germany, he founded the collaborationist National Popular Rally (RNP). In 1944, he became Minister of Labour and National Solidarity in Pierre Laval's government in Vichy, before escaping to the Sigmaringen enclave along with Vichy officials after the Allied landings in Normandy. Condemned ''in absentia'' for collaborationism, he died while still in hiding in Italy. Early life and politics Marcel Déat was raised in a modest environment, which shared republican and patriotic values. After brilliant studies, he entered in 1914 the ''École Normale Supérieure'' (ENS) after having been the student of Alain, a philosopher who was active in the Radical Party and who would write a deeply anti-mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neosocialism
Neosocialism was a political faction that existed in France and Belgium during the 1930s and which included several revisionist tendencies in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO). During the 1930s, the faction gradually distanced itself from revolutionary Marxism and reformist socialism while stopping short of merging into traditional class-collaborative socialism of radical-socialist progressivism. Instead, they advocated a revolution from above which they termed as a constructive revolution. In France, this brought them into conflict with the Socialist Party's traditional policy of anti-governmentalism and the neosocialists were expelled from SFIO. From the start, this linked them to fascist politics in France and many neosocialists expressed admiration for Italian Fascism. This tendency later emerged as an ideological orientation in its own right with the Neosocialist Party which advocated authoritarianism and antisemitic policies as well as intimate coop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Planned Economy
A planned economy is a type of economic system where investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans. A planned economy may use centralized, decentralized, participatory or Soviet-type forms of economic planning. The level of centralization or decentralization in decision-making and participation depends on the specific type of planning mechanism employed. Socialist states based on the Soviet model have used central planning, although a minority such as the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have adopted some degree of market socialism. Market abolitionist socialism replaces factor markets with direct calculation as the means to coordinate the activities of the various socially-owned economic enterprises that make up the economy. More recent approaches to socialist planning and allocation have come from some economists and computer scientists proposing planning mechanisms based on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Communist Party
The French Communist Party (french: Parti communiste français, ''PCF'' ; ) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of communism. The PCF is a member of the Party of the European Left, and its MEPs sit in the European United Left–Nordic Green Left group. Founded in 1920, it participated in three governments: the provisional government of the Liberation (1944–1947), at the beginning of François Mitterrand's presidency (1981–1984), and in the Plural Left cabinet led by Lionel Jospin (1997–2002). It was also the largest party on the left in France in a number of national elections, from 1945 to 1960, before falling behind the Socialist Party in the 1970s. The PCF has lost further ground to the Socialists since that time. From 2009, the PCF was a leading member of the Left Front (''Front de gauche''), alongside Jean-Luc Mélenchon's Left Party (PG). During the 2017 presidential election, the PCF supported Mélenchon's candidature; however, tensio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marceau Pivert
Marceau Pivert (2 October 1895, Montmachoux, Seine-et-Marne – 3 June 1958, Paris) was a French schoolteacher, trade unionist, socialist militant, and journalist. He was an alumnus of the École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud. SFIO Active in the ''Syndicat National des Instituteurs'' (SNI), a staunch supporter of ''laïcité'' and a pacifist after service in World War I, Pivert joined the faction of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) led by Léon Blum, which opposed affiliation to the Comintern in 1920, as opposed to the new French Communist Party (PCF). In the early 1930s, Pivert organised the most left-wing members of the SFIO in his ''Gauche Révolutionnaire'' ("Revolutionary Left") tendency of which Daniel Guérin was a member. The tendency opened itself to Trotskyism, initiating ''entryism'' as a tactic for the latter. In 1936, when Blum formed the Popular Front government, he was pressured by Pivert to reject capitalism. With spontaneous stri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Léo Lagrange
Léo Lagrange (; 28 November 1900, in Bourg, Gironde, Bourg – 9 June 1940, in Évergnicourt) was a French Socialist, member of the SFIO, named secretary of State in the Popular Front government of Léon Blum. Biography As a child, Lagrange was registered with the Éclaireurs de France, a scouting movement which had no religious affiliation. At the end of his studies at the Lycée Henri-IV, in August 1917, Lagrange joined the army. On his return, Lagrange was registered in the Faculty of Law and at the Institute of political sciences. Shortly after the Tours Congress (December 1920), he joined the SFIO, directed by Paul Faure (politician), Paul Faure, Jean Longuet and Léon Blum and joined the Socialist students' organisation. Having obtained his law degree, Lagrange registered in 1922 at the bar of Paris. Affected by the horrors of World War I, Lagrange reserved in particular his services to victims of tuberculosis, of lung diseases and of Poison gas in World War I, pois ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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