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Jatki Language
Jatki, Jadgali, and other related terms have sometimes been used to refer to one or another of the Indo-Aryan languages spoken in Balochistan and neighbouring parts of Sindh and Punjab. *Jatki (, ) is a name of a dialect group of Western Punjabi. Jatki consists of the Jhangvi and Shahpuri. They are spoken in the broader Bar region, which includes the following districts: , Sargodha, Mandi Bahauddin, Hafizabad (western parts), Chiniot, Jhang, Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh, Okara, Sahiwal, Pakpattan, Bahawalnagar (northeastern parts) and Vehari (northeastern parts). The Glottolog codes for the dialects of Jatki (Western Punjabi) are: * Jatki (Western Punjabi): jatki1238 * Jhangvi: jang1253 * Shahpuri: shah1266 *Jatki was used in 19th-century British sources for what would later be called Sindhi, as well as for Khetrani. ''Jaṭkī'' is also attested in local use in Balochistan as a name for these two languages as well as for Sindhi. Jataki was used by 19th-century British writer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indo-Aryan Languages
The Indo-Aryan languages, or sometimes Indic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family. As of 2024, there are more than 1.5 billion speakers, primarily concentrated east of the Indus river in Bangladesh, Northern India, Eastern Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Nepal. Moreover, apart from the Indian subcontinent, large immigrant and expatriate Indo-Aryan–speaking communities live in Northwestern Europe, Western Asia, North America, the Caribbean, Southeast Africa, Polynesia and Australia, along with several million speakers of Romani languages primarily concentrated in Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. There are over 200 known Indo-Aryan languages. Modern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Old Indo-Aryan languages such as early Vedic Sanskrit, through Middle Indo-Aryan languages (or Prakrits). The largest such languages in terms of First language, first-speakers are Hindustani language, Hindi–Urdu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sahiwal District
Sahiwal District (Punjabi language, Punjabi and ), formerly known as Montgomery District, is a Districts of Pakistan, district in the Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab Subdivisions of Pakistan, province of Pakistan. In 1998, it had a population of 1,843,194 people, 16.27% of which were in urban areas. Since 2008, Sahiwal District, Okara District, and Pakpattan District have comprised the Sahiwal Division. The city of Sahiwal is the capital of the district and the division. History The Sahiwal District has been settled from the prehistoric, pre-historical era. Harappa is an archaeological site, about west of Sahiwal, that was built approximately 2600 BCE. The area was part of South Asian empires and in crossroads of migrations and invasions from Central Asia. Sahiwal District was an agricultural region with forests during the Indus Valley civilization. The Vedic period is characterized by Indo-Aryan peoples, Indo-Aryan culture which split from Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sindhi Jats
The Sindhi Jats ( Sindhi: سنڌي جت/جاٽ) are an indigenous community of Sindh. They are mostly Muslims. Originally from the lower Indus Valley, many Sindhi Jats would migrate to lower Iraq between the 5th and 11th centuries, where they formed the Zuṭṭ () community. Another migration northwards into Punjab would take place between the 11th and 16th centuries, where many Sindhi Jats settled in newly cultivatable land and gradually took up farming.Ansari, Sarah F. D. (1992)Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843–1947 Cambridge University Press. p. . Quote: ''"Between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries, groups of nomadic pastoralists known as Jats, having worked their way northwards from Sind, settled in the Panjab as peasant agriculturalists and, largely on account of the introduction of the Persian wheel, transformed much of western Panjab into a rich producer of food crops. (page 27)"''Grewal, J. S. (1998)The Sikhs of the Punjab Cambridge University Press ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is a Federal monarchy, federal elective monarchy made up of Emirates of the United Arab Emirates, seven emirates, with Abu Dhabi serving as its capital. It shares land borders with Oman to the east and northeast, and with Saudi Arabia to the southwest; as well as maritime borders in the Persian Gulf with Qatar and Iran, and with Oman in the Gulf of Oman. , the UAE has an estimated population of over 10 million, of which 11% are Emiratis; Dubai is List of cities in the United Arab Emirates, its most populous city and is an international hub. Islam is the State religion, official religion and Arabic is the official language, while English is the most spoken language and the language of business. The United Arab Emirates Oil reserves in the United Arab Emirates, oil and natural gas reserves are the world's List of countries by pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oman
Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia and the Middle East. It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Oman’s coastline faces the Arabian Sea to the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The exclaves of Madha and Musandam Governorate, Musandam are surrounded by the United Arab Emirates on their land borders, while Musandam’s coastal boundaries are formed by the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman. The capital and largest city is Muscat. With a population of approximately 5.46 million and an area of 309,500 km2 (119,500 sq mi), Oman is the Countries with highest population, 123rd most-populous country. From the 18th century, the Omani Sultanate was Omani Empire, an empire, competing with the Portuguese Empire, Portuguese and British Empire, British empires for influence in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. At its peak in the 19th ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jadgali Language
Jaḍgālī (also called Jatgali, Jatki, Zadjali, Zidgali) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Jadgal, an ethno-linguistic group of Pakistan and Iran also spoken by few hundreds in Oman. It is a dialect of Sindhi language, Sindhi language most closely related to Lasi dialect (Sindhi), Lasi. The majority of the Jadgali population is found in Pakistan, where a 2004 estimate placed it at 15,600, and in Iran, where according to a 2008 estimate it is at least 25,000. There are also immigrant communities in Oman and the United Arab Emirates, where the Jadgal are known as ' or '. In Iran at least two varieties are spoken, which are reportedly not easily Mutual intelligibility, intercomprehensible. The term ''Jadgal'' is of Balochi language, Balochi origin, but it is nowadays used by the Jadgal themselves, alongside their earlier endonym ''Nummaṛ'', which is the source of the language names ''Nummaṛī'' and ''Nummaṛikī''. Jadgali is Language documentation, underdocumented. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inku Language
Inku is a Punjabi dialect, spoken, throughout Afghanistan by four of the country's itinerant communities: the Jalali, the Pikraj, the Shadibaz and the Vangawala. Itinerant communities in Afghanistan, whether Inku-speaking or not, are locally known as "Jats" (not to be confused with the Jats of India and Pakistan), a term which is not a self-designation of the groups but rather a collective, often pejorative name given by outsiders. The reference work ''Ethnologue'' has an entry for what could be this language, but under the name Jakati (with the corresponding ISO 639-3 code ), but that entry is at least partly erroneous. Each of the four groups speaks a variety with slight differences compared to the others. According to their local tradition, their ancestors migrated in the 19th century from the Dera Ismail Khan and Dera Ghazi Khan regions of present-day Pakistan. Such an origin suggests that Inku may be related to the Derawali dialect of Punjabi, spoken there, though nothing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romani Languages
Romani ( ; also Romanes , Romany, Roma; ) is an Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani people. The largest of these are Vlax Romani (about 500,000 speakers), Balkan Romani (600,000), and Sinte Romani (300,000). Some Romani communities speak mixed languages based on the surrounding language with retained Romani-derived vocabulary – these are known by linguists as Para-Romani varieties, rather than dialects of the Romani language itself. The differences between the various varieties can be as large as, for example, the differences between the Slavic languages. Name Speakers of the Romani language usually refer to the language as ' "the Romani language" or '' (adverb)'' "in a Rom way". This derives from the Romani word ', meaning either "a member of the (Romani) group" or "husband". This is also the origin of the term "Roma" in English, although some Roma groups refer to themselves using other demonyms (e.g. 'Kaale', 'Sinti'). Classification In the 18th century, it was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethnologue
''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensive catalogue of languages. It was first issued in 1951 and is now published by SIL International, an American evangelical Parachurch organization, Christian non-profit organization. Overview and content ''Ethnologue'' has been published by SIL Global (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), a Christian linguistics, linguistic service organization with an international office in Dallas, Texas. The organization studies numerous minority languages to facilitate language development, and to work with speakers of such language communities in translating portions of the Bible into their languages. Despite the Christian orientation of its publisher, ''Ethnologue'' is not ideologically or theologically biased. ''Ethnologue'' includes alternative names and Exo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Richard Francis Burton
Captain (British Army and Royal Marines), Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton, Order of St Michael and St George, KCMG, Royal Geographical Society#Fellowship, FRGS, (19 March 1821 – 20 October 1890) was a British explorer, army officer, orientalist writer and scholar. He was famed for his travels and explorations in Asia, Africa and South America, as well as his extensive knowledge of languages and cultures, speaking up to 29 different languages. Born in Torquay, Devon, Burton joined the Bombay Army as an officer in 1842, beginning an eighteen-year military career which included a brief stint in the Crimean War. He was subsequently engaged by the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) to explore the East African coast, where Burton along with John Hanning Speke led an expedition to discover the source of the Nile and became the first European known to have seen Lake Tanganyika. He later served as the British consul (representative), consul in Bioko, Fernando Pó, Santos, São Paulo, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sindhi Language
Sindhi ( ; or , ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by more than 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has official status, as well as by 1.7 million people in India, where it is a Scheduled languages of India, scheduled language without state-level official status. Sindhi is primarily written in the Perso-Arabic script in Pakistan, while in India, both the Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari are used. Sindhi is a Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages, Northwestern Indo-Aryan language, and thus related to, but not mutually intelligible with, Saraiki language, Saraiki and Punjabi language, Punjabi. Sindhi has several regional dialects. The earliest written evidence of modern Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 AD. Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from Persian language, Persian and Arabic following the Umayyad campaigns in India, Umayyad conquest in 712 AD. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khetrani Language
Khetrānī, or Khetranki, is an Indo-Aryan language of north-eastern Balochistan. It is spoken by the majority of the Khetrans, an ethnolinguistic tribe that occupies a hilly tract in the Sulaiman Mountains comprising the whole of Barkhan District as well as small parts of neighbouring Kohlu District to the south-west, and Musakhel District to the north. Alternative names for the language attested at the start of the 20th century are ''Barāzai'' and ''Jāfaraki''. Khetrani has grammatical features in common with both Sindhi and with Saraiki, but is not mutually intelligible with either. Khetrani has a relatively small number of Balochi loanwords in its vocabulary. Khetrani was formerly a dialect continuum of both Sindhi and Saraiki. It is likely to have been formerly spoken over a wider area, which has been reduced with the expansion of Pashto Pashto ( , ; , ) is an eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European language family, natively spoken in northwestern P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
