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Ispend Bin Yusuf
Ispend, Aspand or Isfahan was the son of Qara Yusuf and ruled over Baghdad and its environs for twelve years. During reign of Qara Yusuf His first mention was in 1410, when he commanded left flank of Kara Koyunlu army against Ahmad Jalayir. He was ruling Adilcevaz when his father died. During reign of Qara Iskander He retreated to Chukhur Saad province (later Erivan) where the Saadlu tribe, one of the main sub-tribes of the Kara Koyunlu swore fealty to him and presented him state treasure. He later submitted to Qara Iskander in 1421. Soon Shahrukh crossed the Aras River and battling the forces of Iskander and Ispend at Yakhsi (28 July 1421 - 1 August 1421). Timurid forces were almost defeated when Amir Shahmalik cut heads of two slain soldiers and tricked both into thinking his brother was killed. Iskander's forces retreated to Kirkuk. Ispend used this opportunity to seize Tabriz. However soon retreated to Avnik upon arrival of Qara Iskander. Reign in Baghdad In October 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baghdad
Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon. In 762 CE, Baghdad was chosen as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, and became its most notable major development project. Within a short time, the city evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center of the Muslim world. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Baghdad was the largest city in the world for much of the Abbasid era during the Islamic Golden Age, peaking at a population of more than a million. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tabriz
Tabriz ( fa, تبریز ; ) is a city in northwestern Iran, serving as the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. It is the List of largest cities of Iran, sixth-most-populous city in Iran. In the Quri Chay, Quru River valley in Iran's historic Azerbaijan (Iran), Azerbaijan region between long ridges of volcanic cones in the Sahand and Eynali mountains, Tabriz's elevation ranges between above sea level. The valley opens up into a plain that gently slopes down to the eastern shores of Lake Urmia, to the west. With cold winters and temperate summers, Tabriz is considered a summer resort. It was named World Carpet Weaving City by the World Crafts Council in October 2015 and Exemplary Tourist City of 2018 by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. With a population of over 1.7 million (2016), Tabriz is the largest economic hub and metropolitan area in northwest Iran. The population is bilingual, speaking Azerbaijani language, Azerbaijani and Persian. Tabriz is a major heavy industrie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
15th-century Monarchs In Asia
The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian dates from 1 January 1401 ( MCDI) to 31 December 1500 ( MD). In Europe, the 15th century includes parts of the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the early modern period. Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the "European miracle" of the following centuries. The architectural perspective, and the modern fields which are known today as banking and accounting were founded in Italy. The Hundred Years' War ended with a decisive French victory over the English in the Battle of Castillon. Financial troubles in England following the conflict resulted in the Wars of the Roses, a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. The conflicts ended with the defeat of Richard III by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth Field, establishing the Tudor dynasty in the later part of the century. Constantinople, known as the capital of the wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1445 Deaths
Year 1445 ( MCDXLV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * October 10 – Battle of Mokra: The Albanian forces under Skanderbeg defeat the Ottoman forces (Pope Eugene IV raises a hymn of praise, that Christendom has been provided with a new defender, after he hears of the battle). Date unknown * The Portuguese set up their first trading post ( ''Feitoria'') in Africa, on the island of Arguin. * Portuguese explorer Dinis Dias discovers the Cap-Vert, on the western coast of Africa. * Battle of Gomit: Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia defeats and kills Sultan Arwe Badlay, of Adal. * Vlad II Dracul, aided by a crusaders' fleet from Burgundy, attacks Giurgiu, and massacres the Ottoman garrison after their surrender. * Stephen II remains sole ruler of Moldavia. Births * March 16 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Swiss-born priest (d. 1510) * April 4 – Wiguleus Frös ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alvand Mirza (Kara Koyunlu)
Alvand Mirza was the Qara Qoyunlu ruler of Amid and Asadabad. Early life Alvand Mirza was appointed to rule Mosul during his uncle Jahan Shah's reign. Mirza rebelled against the latter and was forced to flee to the Aq Qoyunlu, then under the rule of Jahangir Beg. Jahan Shah demanded that his rebellious nephew be handed over to him, but Jahangir Beg refused. Jahan Shah then invaded Erzincan and sent his grandnephew, Rustem Beg, to subdue Jahangir Beg. Hopelessly, Jahangir Beg sent his mother Sara Khatun to Mamluk Egypt, while Jahan Shah started to support his half-brother Sheikh Hasan. Sheikh Hasan was killed by Uzun Hasan, brother of Jahangir Beg; Jahan Shah quickly offered peace to Aq Qoyunlu, in return for accepting their submission. Jahangir Beg accepted and also wed his daughter to Jahan Shah' son Mirza Muhammad. In Timurid service Upon the Aq Qoyunlu's submission, Alvand Mirza left for Shiraz with his son Pirguli in a bid to join the Timurid ruler Babur. He was ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qara Osman
Uthman Beg or Osman Beg ( az, Qara Yuluq Osman Bəy; tr, Kara Yülük Osman Bey; 1356 – 1435) was a late 14th and early 15th-century leader of the Turkoman tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu in what is now eastern Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Iraq. Name He was born Baha-ud-Din Osman and was later given the nickname Qara Iluk or Qara Yuluk meaning ''The Black Leech''. However, John E. Woods argues that this interpretation is doubtful since "leech" in modern Turkish is ''sülük'', not ''yülük'', which means cleanshaven or smooth. Early life Uthman Beg was the son of Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh, likely by his Greek wife, Maria, sister of Alexios III of Trebizond. He is estimated to have been born 1356. According to Byzantine and Aq Qoyunlu sources, he later married his maternal cousin, a daughter of Alexios III and his consort Theodora Kantakouzene. He was afraid of the intentions of his brothers, Ahmed and Pir Ali when they joined Kadi Burhan al-Din of Sivas. He eventually kill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aq Qoyunlu
The Aq Qoyunlu ( az, Ağqoyunlular , ) was a culturally Persianate,Kaushik Roy, ''Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750'', (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38; "Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan." SunniMichael M. Gunter, ''Historical dictionary of the Kurds'' (2010), p. 29 Turkoman tribal confederation founded in the Diyarbakir region by Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg that ruled parts of present-day eastern Turkey from 1378 to 1503, and in their last decades also ruled Armenia, Azerbaijan, much of Iran, Iraq, and Oman where the ruler of Hormuz recognised Aq Qoyunlu suzerainty. The Aq Qoyunlu empire reached its zenith under Uzun Hasan. History Etymology The name Aq Qoyunlu, literally meaning "hose withwhite sheep", is first mentioned in late 14th century sources. It has been suggested that this nam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jalairid Sultanate
The Jalayirid Sultanate was a culturally Persianate, Mongol Jalayir dynasty which ruled over Iraq and western Persia after the breakup of the Mongol khanate of Persia in the 1330s.Bayne Fisher, William. ''The Cambridge History of Iran'', p.3: "From then until Timur's invasion of the country, Iran was under the rule of various rival petty princes of whom henceforth only the Jalayirids could claim Mongol lineage" It lasted about fifty years, until disrupted by Timur's conquests and the revolts of the Qara Qoyunlu Turkoman. After Timur's death in 1405, there was a brief attempt to re-establish the sultanate in southern Iraq and Khuzistan. The Jalayirids were finally eliminated by the Qara Qoyunlu in 1432. The Jalayirid era marks an important period in the evolution of Persian art, where it developed important aspects that would serve as the basis of later Persian paintings. History The history of the Sultanate of Jalayirid can be divided into four phases: * The first phase w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Husain II (Jalayirid)
Husain, a variant spelling of Hussein, is a common Arabic name, especially among Muslims because of the status of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Mohammad. Notable people with the name include: Arts and literature * Adrian A. Husain, Pakistani poet * M. F. Husain, Indian artist * Shahrukh Husain, Pakistani author * Husain Salahuddin, Maldivian writer Media * Altaf Husain, Pakistani journalist * Attia Hosain (1913–1998), British-Indian journalist and author * Husain Haqqani, Pakistani journalist, political activist and ambassador * Irfan Husain, Pakistani journalist * Mishal Husain, British journalist and television presenter * Zakir Hussain (musician), Indian tabla player Religion and politics * Husain (Jalayirids), Jalayirid ruler * Akhter Husain, Pakistani civil servant * Zakir Husain (governor) (1897–1971), Pakistani police inspector and government minister * Zakir Husain (politician), former Indian President * Husain Burhanuddin, Indian Qari, Islamic leader and schola ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hillah
Hillah ( ar, ٱلْحِلَّة ''al-Ḥillah''), also spelled Hilla, is a city in central Iraq on the Hilla branch of the Euphrates River, south of Baghdad. The population is estimated at 364,700 in 1998. It is the capital of Babylon Province and is located adjacent to the ancient city of Babylon, and close to the ancient cities of Borsippa and Kish. It is situated in a predominantly agricultural region which is extensively irrigated with water provided by the Hilla canal, producing a wide range of crops, fruit and textiles. Its name may be derived from the word "beauty" in Arabic. The river runs exactly in the middle of the town, and it is surrounded by date palm trees and other forms of arid vegetation, reducing the harmful effects of dust and desert wind. The city was once a major center of Islamic scholarship and education. The tomb of the Jewish prophet Ezekiel is reputed to be located in a nearby village, Al Kifl. It became a major administrative centre during the rule o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kirkuk
Kirkuk ( ar, كركوك, ku, کەرکووک, translit=Kerkûk, , tr, Kerkük) is a city in Iraq, serving as the capital of the Kirkuk Governorate, located north of Baghdad. The city is home to a diverse population of Turkmens, Arabs, Kurds, and Assyrians. Kirkuk sits on the ruins of the original Kirkuk Citadel which sits near the Khasa River. Kirkuk was proclaimed the "capital of Iraqi culture" in 2010. It is claimed by the Kurdistan Regional Government as its capital. Kirkuk is also considered by Iraqi Turkmens to be their cultural and historical capital. The government of Iraq states that Kirkuk represents a small version of Iraq due to its diverse population, and that the city is a model for coexistence in the country. Etymology The ancient name of Kirkuk was the Hurrian ''Arrapha'' During the Parthian era, a ''Korkura/Corcura'' ( grc, Κόρκυρα) is mentioned by Ptolemy, which is believed to refer either to Kirkuk or to the site of Baba Gurgur from the city. Since ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
