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Ip Massacre
The events of the Ip massacre escalated in the early hours of 14 September 1940, in Ipp, (today Ip, Sălaj County), Northern Transylvania. After two Hungarian soldiers died there in an accidental explosion, rumors spread that they had been killed by Romanians. After another incident the Royal Hungarian Army, influenced by the rumor, indiscriminately massacred around 150 ethnic Romanians in the nearby locations and surrounding areas. Events After the Second Vienna Award of 30 August 1940, as a result of German–Italian arbitration, northwestern Transylvania reverted to Hungary. The area ceded by Romania contained the northwestern part of the homonymous region and the Székely lands. A total of eight of the 23 Transylvanian counties that had been part of Romania during the interwar period were entirely alienated, and another three were split. Thus, Sălaj County was also attached to Hungary. On 7 September 1940 the Hungarian Second Army arrived at Ipp (present-day Ip) where t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zalău
Zalău (, unofficial and former official name: ro, Zălau (; german: Zillenmarkt or , hu, Zilah, tr, Zile) is the seat of Sălaj County, Romania. In 2011, its estimated population was 56,202. History Ancient times Zalău is situated in the area inhabited by "Free Dacians", away from the historical landmark of Porolissum, a well-preserved Roman Castrum with an imposing fortress, an amphitheater, temples, houses and a customs house in the ancient Roman province of Dacia. Zalău was the crossing point between Central Europe and Transylvania, along the so-called "Salt Route". Archaeological discoveries revealed evidence of human existence in this area since the Neolithic, approx. 6500 years ago. Dacian coins found in archaeological perimeters of the city central area and on the Valea Mâții, west of the city, plus important items belonging to Roman culture, are evidence of free Dacian continuity in this area and of developing economic relations with the Roman ancient city ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fascist Italy (1922–1943)
The Kingdom of Italy was governed by the National Fascist Party from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as prime minister. The Italian Fascists imposed authoritarian rule and crushed political and intellectual opposition, while promoting economic modernization, traditional social values and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church. According to Payne (1996), " heFascist government passed through several relatively distinct phases". The first phase (1922–1925) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system, albeit with a "legally-organized executive dictatorship". The second phase (1925–1929) was "the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper". The third phase (1929–1934) was with less interventionism in foreign policy. The fourth phase (1935–1940) was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy: the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, which was launched from Eritrea and Somaliland; confrontations with the League of Nations, leading to sanctions; growin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halmășd
Halmășd ( hu, Halmosd, sk, Halmožď) is a commune located in Sălaj County, Crișana, Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and .... It is composed of five villages: Aleuș (''Elyüs''), Cerișa (''Szilágycseres''), Drighiu (''Detrehem''), Fufez (''Tufertelep'') and Halmășd. References Communes in Sălaj County Localities in Crișana {{Sălaj-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanian Hearth Union
The Romanian Hearth Union or Romanian Hearth Federation ( ro, Uniunea Vatra Românească) is a far-right nationalist movement and civic organization, founded in Târgu Mureș in 1990. The main purpose of the organization is to save Romanians "hunted down in their own country" from the Hungarians viewed as "hordes plaguing humanity". The emergence of the "Romanian Hearth" was helped by ex-Securitate officers. The organization has been described by various sources as quasi-fascist, radical nationalist,Mihaela MihailescuDampening the Powder Keg: The Role of Democratic Oppositions in Fostering Ethnic Peace in Post-Communist Romania and Slovakia ProQuest, 2006, pp. 116-117 xenophobic ultra-nationalist, anti-HungarianJuliana Geran PilonThe Bloody Flag: Post-Communist Nationalism in Eastern Europe : Spotlight on Romania Transaction Publishers, 1982, p. 67 and anti-Semitic.Joseph F. HarringtonAmerican-Romanian Relations, 1989-2004: From Pariah To Partner East European Monographs, 2004, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nușfalău
Nușfalău ( hu, Szilágynagyfalu or ''Nagyfalu'') is a commune located in Sălaj County, Crișana, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Bilghez (''Bürgezd'') and Nușfalău; Boghiș and Bozieș split off in 2005 to form Boghiș commune. The commune is located in the western part of county, on the upper course of the Barcău River, about from the county seat, Zalău. Sights * Reformed Church in Nușfalău, built in the 15th century (1450), historic monument * Banffy Castle in Nușfalău, built in the 18th century, historic monument * Lapiș Forest Nature reserve (430,40 ha) retrieved on May 19, 2012 See also * Lapiș Forest *[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camăr
Camăr ( hu, Kémer) is a commune located in Sălaj County, Crișana, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Camăr and Pădureni (''Erdőaljarakottyás''). Population At the 2002 census, 91.7% of inhabitants were Hungarians, 6.4% Romanians and 1.9% Roma. 68.4% were Reformed, 12.6% Baptist, 5.1% each Greek-Catholic and Christian Evangelical, 4.5% Seventh-day Adventist, 1.9% Pentecostal, 1.3% Romanian Orthodox and 0.8% Roman Catholic Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD * Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a let .... Sights * Wooden Church, Camăr, built in the 18th century, historic monument References Communes in Sălaj County Localities in Crișana {{Sălaj-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marca, Sălaj
Marca ( hu, Márkaszék) is a Commune in Romania, commune located in Sălaj County, Crișana, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Leșmir (''Lecsmér''), Marca, Marca-Huta (''Bulyovszkytelep''), Porț (''Porc'') and Șumal (''Somály''). Sights * Wooden Church, Porț, Wooden church of Porţ, constructed 1792 Natives * Eva Mozes Kor, activist and Holocaust survivor from Porț References Communes in Sălaj County Localities in Crișana {{Sălaj-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Șimleu Silvaniei
Șimleu Silvaniei (; hu, Szilágysomlyó, german: Schomlenmarkt) is a town in Sălaj County, Crișana, Romania with a population of 14,436 people (2011 census). It is located near the ancient Dacian fortress Dacidava. Three villages are administered by the town: Bic (''Bükk''), Cehei (''Somlyócsehi'') and Pusta (''Csehipuszta''). History Ancient times Before the Roman conquest of Dacia, Șimleu was a political, social and administrative Dacian centre, of high importance. Seven Dacian fortresses, some with associated settlements, were arranged in an arc shape around the hills of Șimleu. They had a strategic role in supervising the trade along the salt road coming from areas around Napoca, Potaissa, and modern Dej, and heading to Pannonia. The centre of an early ''Gepidia'', on the plains northwest of the Meseș Mountains, appears to have been located around Șimleu Silvaniei, where early 5th-century precious objects of Roman provenance have been unearthed. Middl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sling Cart
A sling cart is used to transport very heavy objects over land. The cart has a skeletal frame with large-diameter wheels so the object being transported can be suspended above the ground by ropes or chains below the level of the axle. Typical sling carts have two wheels on a single axle with a long pole or tongue perpendicular to the axle for use as a lever. In the days of muzzle-loading cannon, sling carts were used to move heavy artillery from the place of manufacture or storage to a ship or fortification where the gun would be placed on a gun carriage. Specialized sling carts with two axles and four wheels were used to carry the heaviest guns. Smaller field guns were often transported on their gun carriage, but portable gun carriages were unable to withstand the recoil Recoil (often called knockback, kickback or simply kick) is the rearward thrust generated when a gun is being discharged. In technical terms, the recoil is a result of conservation of momentum, as accord ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Army (Hungary)
The Hungarian Second Army (''Második Magyar Hadsereg'') was one of three field armies (''hadsereg'') raised by the Kingdom of Hungary (''Magyar Királyság'') which saw action during World War II. All three armies were formed on March 1, 1940. The Second Army was the best-equipped Hungarian formation at the beginning of the war, but was virtually eliminated as an effective fighting unit by overwhelming Soviet force during the Battle of Stalingrad, suffering 84% casualties. Towards the end of the war, a reformed Second Army fought more successfully at the Battle of Debrecen, but, during the ensuing Siege of Budapest, it was destroyed completely and absorbed into the Hungarian Third Army. Commanders The Hungarian Second Army had four commanders from March 1, 1940 - November 13, 1944: * Colonel General Vitéz Gusztáv Jány (vitéz Jány Gusztáv) (March 1, 1940 - August 5, 1943; awarded the German Knight's Cross on March 31, 1943) * Colonel General Géza Lakatos (Lakatos G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interbellum
In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days), the end of the First World War to the beginning of the Second World War. The interwar period was relatively short, yet featured many significant social, political, and economic changes throughout the world. Petroleum-based energy production and associated mechanisation led to the prosperous Roaring Twenties, a time of both social mobility and economic mobility for the middle class. Automobiles, electric lighting, radio, and more became common among populations in the developed world. The indulgences of the era subsequently were followed by the Great Depression, an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn that severely damaged many of the world's largest economies. Politically, the era coincided with the rise of communism, starting in Russia with the October Revolution and Russian Civil War, at the end of World War I, and ended with the ris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Székely Land
The Székely Land or Szeklerland ( hu, Székelyföld, ; ro, Ținutul Secuiesc and sometimes ; german: Szeklerland; la, Terra Siculorum) is a historic and ethnographic area in Romania, inhabited mainly by Székelys, a subgroup of Hungarians. Its cultural centre is the city of Târgu Mureș (Marosvásárhely), the largest settlement in the region. Székelys (or Szeklers) live in the valleys and hills of the Eastern Carpathian Mountains, corresponding mostly to the present-day Harghita, Covasna, and parts of Mureș counties in Romania. Originally, the name ''Székely Land'' denoted the territories of a number of autonomous Székely seats within Transylvania. The self-governing Székely seats had their own administrative system, and existed as legal entities from medieval times until the 1870s. The privileges of the Székely and Saxon seats were abolished and seats were replaced with counties in 1876. Along with Transylvania and eastern parts of Hungary proper, the Székel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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