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Intertwingularity
Intertwingularity is a term coined by Ted Nelson to express the complexity of interrelations in human knowledge. Nelson wrote in '' Computer Lib/Dream Machines'' : "EVERYTHING IS DEEPLY INTERTWINGLED. In an important sense there are no " subjects" at all; there is only all knowledge, since the cross-connections among the myriad topics of this world simply cannot be divided up neatly." He added the following comment in the revised edition : "Hierarchical and sequential structures, especially popular since Gutenberg, are usually forced and artificial. Intertwingularity is not generally acknowledged—people keep pretending they can make things hierarchical, categorizable and sequential when they can't." Intertwingularity is related to Nelson's coined term hypertext, partially inspired by " As We May Think" (1945) by Vannevar Bush. Influence Peter Morville, an influential figure in information architecture, discusses intertwingularity in some of his books. In ''Ambient Findabil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ted Nelson
Theodor Holm Nelson (born June 17, 1937) is an American pioneer of information technology, philosopher, and sociologist. He coined the terms ''hypertext'' and '' hypermedia'' in 1963 and published them in 1965. Nelson coined the terms '' transclusion'', ''virtuality'', and ''intertwingularity'' (in ''Literary Machines''). According to a 1997 ''Forbes'' profile, Nelson "sees himself as a literary romantic, like a Cyrano de Bergerac, or 'the Orson Welles of software'." Early life and education Nelson is the son of Emmy Award-winning director Ralph Nelson and Academy Award-winning actress Celeste Holm. His parents' marriage was brief and he was mostly raised by his grandparents, first in Chicago and later in Greenwich Village. Nelson earned a B.A. in philosophy from Swarthmore College in 1959. While there, he made an experimental humorous student film, ''The Epiphany of Slocum Furlow'', in which the titular hero discovers the meaning of life. His contemporary at the college, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Lib/Dream Machines
''Computer Lib/Dream Machines'' is a 1974 book by Ted Nelson, printed as a two-front-cover paperback to indicate its " intertwingled" nature. Originally self-published by Nelson, it was republished with a foreword by Stewart Brand in 1987 by Microsoft Press. In Steven Levy's book ''Hackers'', ''Computer Lib'' is described as "the epic of the computer revolution, the bible of the hacker dream. elsonwas stubborn enough to publish it when no one else seemed to think it was a good idea." Published just before the release of the Altair 8800 kit, ''Computer Lib'' is often considered the first book about the personal computer. Background Prior to the initial release of ''Computer Lib/Dream Machines'', Nelson was working on the first hypertext project, Project Xanadu, founded in 1960. An integral part to the Xanadu vision was computing technology and the freedom he believed came with it. These ideas were later compiled and elaborated upon in the 1974 text, around the time when loc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Lib
''Computer Lib/Dream Machines'' is a 1974 book by Ted Nelson, printed as a two-front-cover paperback to indicate its " intertwingled" nature. Originally self-published by Nelson, it was republished with a foreword by Stewart Brand in 1987 by Microsoft Press. In Steven Levy's book ''Hackers'', ''Computer Lib'' is described as "the epic of the computer revolution, the bible of the hacker dream. elsonwas stubborn enough to publish it when no one else seemed to think it was a good idea." Published just before the release of the Altair 8800 kit, ''Computer Lib'' is often considered the first book about the personal computer. Background Prior to the initial release of ''Computer Lib/Dream Machines'', Nelson was working on the first hypertext project, Project Xanadu, founded in 1960. An integral part to the Xanadu vision was computing technology and the freedom he believed came with it. These ideas were later compiled and elaborated upon in the 1974 text, around the time when loc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sam Ruby
Sam Ruby is a prominent software developer who has made significant contributions to web standards and open source software projects. In particular he has contributed to the standardization of syndicated web feeds via his involvement with the Atom (standard), Atom standard and the Feed Validator web service. He currently holds a Senior Technical Staff Member position in the Emerging Technologies Group of IBM and is on the board of the Apache Software Foundation. He resides in Raleigh, North Carolina, Raleigh, North Carolina. Background Sam Ruby received a B.A. in Mathematics from Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia, Newport News, Virginia. Ruby was hired immediately out of college by IBM and has worked there since. Apache Project Ruby currently serves on the board of the Apache Software Foundation. He formerly served as President; Assistant Secretary; Director, Vice President of Legal Affairs; and was the former Chair of the Jakarta Project, Apache Jakarta Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chapman University
Chapman University is a private research university in Orange, California. It encompasses ten schools and colleges, including Fowler School of Engineering, Dodge College of Film and Media Arts, Fowler School of Law, and Schmid College of Science and Technology, and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". Although it does not claim to be a Christian college, it has had a relationship with the Disciples of Christ since the university's founding and with the United Church of Christ since 2011. History Founded in Woodland, California, as Hesperian College, the school began classes on March 4, 1861. Its opening was timed to coincide with the hour of Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration. Hesperian admitted students regardless of sex or race. In 1920, the assets of Hesperian College were absorbed by California Christian College, which held classes in downtown Los Angeles. In 1934, the school was renamed Chapman College, after the chairman o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jamie Zawinski
Jamie Zawinski (born November 3, 1968), commonly known as jwz, is an American computer programmer, blogger and impresario. He is best known for his role in the creation of Netscape Navigator, Netscape Mail, Lucid Emacs, Mozilla.org, and XScreenSaver. He is also the proprietor of DNA Lounge, a nightclub and live music venue in San Francisco. Biography Zawinski's programming career began at age 16 with Scott Fahlman's Spice Lisp project at Carnegie Mellon University. He then worked at AI startup Expert Technologies, Inc. followed by Robert Wilensky and Peter Norvig's AI research group at UC Berkeley, working on natural language processing. In 1990 he began working at Lucid Inc., first working on Lucid Common Lisp, and then on Lucid's Energize C++ IDE. Lucid decided to use GNU Emacs as the text editor for their IDE due to its free license, popularity, and extensibility, and Zawinski led that project. As Zawinski and the other programmers made fundamental changes to GNU Ema ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polysemy
Polysemy ( or ; ) is the capacity for a sign (e.g. a symbol, a morpheme, a word, or a phrase) to have multiple related meanings. For example, a word can have several word senses. Polysemy is distinct from ''monosemy'', where a word has a single meaning. Polysemy is distinct from homonymy—or homophony—which is an accidental similarity between two or more words (such as '' bear'' the animal, and the verb ''bear''); whereas homonymy is a mere linguistic coincidence, polysemy is not. In discerning whether a given set of meanings represent polysemy or homonymy, it is often necessary to look at the history of the word to see whether the two meanings are historically related. Dictionary writers often list polysemes (words or phrases with different, but related, senses) in the same entry (that is, under the same headword) and enter homonyms as separate headwords (usually with a numbering convention such as ''¹bear'' and ''²bear''). Polysemes A polyseme is a word or phrase w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiple Inheritance
Multiple inheritance is a feature of some object-oriented computer programming languages in which an object or class can inherit features from more than one parent object or parent class. It is distinct from single inheritance, where an object or class may only inherit from one particular object or class. Multiple inheritance has been a controversial issue for many years, with opponents pointing to its increased complexity and ambiguity in situations such as the "diamond problem", where it may be ambiguous as to which parent class a particular feature is inherited from if more than one parent class implements said feature. This can be addressed in various ways, including using virtual inheritance. Alternate methods of object composition not based on inheritance such as mixins and traits have also been proposed to address the ambiguity. Details In object-oriented programming (OOP), ''inheritance'' describes a relationship between two classes in which one class (the ''child'' cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multigraph
In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a multigraph is a graph which is permitted to have multiple edges (also called ''parallel edges''), that is, edges that have the same end nodes. Thus two vertices may be connected by more than one edge. There are two distinct notions of multiple edges: * ''Edges without own identity'': The identity of an edge is defined solely by the two nodes it connects. In this case, the term "multiple edges" means that the same edge can occur several times between these two nodes. * ''Edges with own identity'': Edges are primitive entities just like nodes. When multiple edges connect two nodes, these are different edges. A multigraph is different from a hypergraph, which is a graph in which an edge can connect any number of nodes, not just two. For some authors, the terms ''pseudograph'' and ''multigraph'' are synonymous. For others, a pseudograph is a multigraph that is permitted to have loops. Undirected multigraph (edges without ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multi-label Classification
In machine learning, multi-label classification or multi-output classification is a variant of the classification problem where multiple nonexclusive labels may be assigned to each instance. Multi-label classification is a generalization of multiclass classification, which is the single-label problem of categorizing instances into precisely one of several (more than two) classes. In the multi-label problem the labels are nonexclusive and there is no constraint on how many of the classes the instance can be assigned to. Formally, multi-label classification is the problem of finding a model that maps inputs x to binary vectors y; that is, it assigns a value of 0 or 1 for each element (label) in y. Problem transformation methods Several problem transformation methods exist for multi-label classification, and can be roughly broken down into: * Transformation into binary classification problems: the baseline approach, called the ''binary relevance'' method,Jesse Read, Bernhard Pfahr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multicriteria Classification
In multiple criteria decision aiding (MCDA), multicriteria classification (or sorting) involves problems where a finite set of alternative actions should be assigned into a predefined set of preferentially ordered categories (classes). For example, credit analysts classify loan applications into risk categories (e.g., acceptable/unacceptable applicants), customers rate products and classify them into attractiveness groups, candidates for a job position are evaluated and their applications are approved or rejected, technical systems are prioritized for inspection on the basis of their failure risk, clinicians classify patients according to the extent to which they have a complex disease or not, etc. Problem statement In a multicriteria classification problem (MCP) a set : X=\ of ''m'' alternative actions is available. Each alternative is evaluated over a set of ''n'' criteria. The scope of the analysis is to assign each alternative into a given set of categories (classes) ''C'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiclass Classification
In machine learning and statistical classification, multiclass classification or multinomial classification is the problem of classifying instances into one of three or more classes (classifying instances into one of two classes is called binary classification). While many classification algorithms (notably multinomial logistic regression) naturally permit the use of more than two classes, some are by nature binary algorithms; these can, however, be turned into multinomial classifiers by a variety of strategies. Multiclass classification should not be confused with multi-label classification, where multiple labels are to be predicted for each instance. General strategies The existing multi-class classification techniques can be categorized into (i) transformation to binary (ii) extension from binary and (iii) hierarchical classification. Transformation to binary This section discusses strategies for reducing the problem of multiclass classification to multiple binary classifi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
