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Icosapent Ethyl
Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (E-EPA, icosapent ethyl), sold under the brand name Vascepa among others, is a medication used to treat dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia. It is used in combination with changes in diet in adults with hypertriglyceridemia ≥ 150 mg/dL. Further, it is often required to be used with a statin (maximally-tolerated dose). The most common side effects are musculoskeletal pain, peripheral edema (swelling of legs and hands), atrial fibrillation, and arthralgia (joint pain). Other common side effects include bleeding, constipation, gout, and rash. It is made from the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the approval of icosapent ethyl in 2012 to Amarin Corporation, and it became the second fish oil-based medication after omega-3-acid ethyl esters (brand named Lovaza, itself approved in 2004). On 13 December 2019, the FDA also approved Vascepa as the first drug specifically "to reduce card ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oral Administration
Oral administration is a route of administration where a substance is taken through the mouth. Per os abbreviated to P.O. is sometimes used as a direction for medication to be taken orally. Many medications are taken orally because they are intended to have a systemic effect, reaching different parts of the body via the bloodstream, for example. Oral administration can be easier and less painful than other routes, such as injection. However, the onset of action is relatively low, and the effectiveness is reduced if it is not absorbed properly in the digestive system, or if it is broken down by digestive enzymes before it can reach the bloodstream. Some medications may cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea or vomiting, when taken orally. Oral administration can also only be applied to conscious patients, and patients willing and able to swallow. Terminology ''Per os'' (; ''P.O.'') is an adverbial phrase meaning literally from Latin "through the mouth" or "by mouth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Omega-3 Carboxylic Acids
Omega-3 carboxylic acids (Epanova) is a formerly-marketed yet still FDA approved prescription medication–since taken off market by the manufacturer–used alongside a low fat and low cholesterol diet that lowers high triglyceride (fat) levels in adults with very high levels. This was the third class of fish oil-based drug, after omega-3 acid ethyl esters (Lovaza and Omtryg) and ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (Vascepa), to be approved for use as a drug. The first approval by US Food and Drug Administration was granted 05 May 2014. These fish oil drugs are similar to fish oil dietary supplements, but the ingredients are better controlled and have been tested in clinical trials. Specifically, Epanova contained at least 850 mg omega-3-acid ethyl esters per 1 g capsule. Following phase III clinical trial in mixed dyslipidaemia, AstraZeneca announced on 13 January 2019 that their clinical trials were terminated for futility because no medical benefit of the medication could be found. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GlaxoSmithKline
GSK plc, formerly GlaxoSmithKline plc, is a British multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with global headquarters in London, England. Established in 2000 by a merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham. GSK is the tenth largest pharmaceutical company and #294 on the 2022 ''Fortune'' Global 500, ranked behind other pharmaceutical companies China Resources, Sinopharm, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Roche, AbbVie, Novartis, Bayer, and Merck. The company has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. , it had a market capitalisation of £70 billion, the eighth largest on the London Stock Exchange. It has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange. The company developed the first malaria vaccine, RTS,S, which it said in 2014 it would make available for five percent above cost. Legacy products developed at GSK include several listed in the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Omega-3-acid Ethyl Esters
Omega-3-acid ethyl esters are a mixture of ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid and ethyl docosahexaenoic acid, which are ethyl esters of the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) found in fish oil. Together with dietary changes, they are used to treat hypertriglyceridemia, high blood triglycerides which may reduce the risk of pancreatitis. They are generally less preferred than statins, and use is not recommended by NHS Scotland as the evidence does not support a decreased risk of heart disease. Omega-3-acid ethyl esters are taken by mouth. Common side effects include burping, nausea, and an upset abdomen. Serious side effects may include liver problems and anaphylaxis. While use in pregnancy has not been well studied, some omega-3 fatty acids appear beneficial. How it works is not entirely clear. Omega-3-acid ethyl ester medicines were approved for medical use in the European Union in 2000 and in the United States in 2004. Beyond the branded pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boston Bar Association
The Boston Bar Association (BBA) is a volunteer non-governmental organization in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. With headquarters located at 16 Beacon Street in the historic Chester Harding House, across from the Massachusetts State House on Beacon Hill, the BBA has 13,000 members drawn from private practice, corporations, government agencies, legal aid organizations, the courts and law schools. The Association traces its origins to the pre-Revolutionary period. The elite of the Boston bar included Jeremiah Gridley, James Otis Jr., Benjamin Pratt, Benjamin Kent, and Oxenbridge Thacher. These elite British lawyers served as the role model for John Adams, the lawyer who provided ''pro bono'' representation to the British soldiers prosecuted for the Boston Massacre and went on to become the second president of the United States. Governed by a Council of 30 members, the Boston Bar Association has 24 sections and more than 100 committees dedicated to substantive areas of l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Off-label Use
Off-label use is the use of pharmaceutical drugs for an unapproved indication (medicine), indication or in an unapproved age group, dose (biochemistry), dosage, or route of administration. Both prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs (OTCs) can be used in off-label ways, although most studies of off-label use focus on prescription drugs. Off-label use is very common and generally legal unless it violates ethical guidelines or safety regulations. The ability to prescribe drugs for uses beyond the officially approved indications is commonly used to good effect by healthcare providers. For example, methotrexate is commonly used off-label because its immunomodulatory effects relieve various disorders. However, off-label use can entail health risks and differences in legal liability. Pharmaceutical marketing, Marketing of pharmaceuticals for off-label use is usually prohibited. Indications and labeling laws An ''Indication (medicine), indication'' is when a drug is medically ap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amarin Corporation , a Buddhist temple in Thailand
{{disambiguation ...
Amarin may refer to: *Amarin Corporation, an Irish-American biopharmaceutical company * Amarinus, a Roman Catholic saint associated with Saint Praejectus *Saint-Amarin, a commune in France (named after the saint) *Amarin Group, a Thai media and publishing company *Amarin TV, a television channel in Thailand, owned by Amarin Group *Amarin Plaza, a shopping mall in Thailand *Amarin Plaza Company, a former name of The Erawan Group, a Thai hospitality company *Wat Amarinthraram Wat Amarinthraram Worawihan ( th, วัดอมรินทรารามวรวิหาร), or known in short as Wat Amarinthraram or just Wat Amarin is a Thai Buddhist temple in Thailand. It is located on the southward of canal Khlong Ban ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ester
In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one hydroxyl group () is replaced by an alkoxy group (), as in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. They perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Phosphoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules. Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties. '' Nomenclature Etymology Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lipoprotein Lipase
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (EC 3.1.1.34, systematic name triacylglycerol acylhydrolase (lipoprotein-dependent)) is a member of the lipase gene family, which includes pancreatic lipase, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase. It is a water-soluble enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides in lipoproteins, such as those found in chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), into two free fatty acids and one monoacylglycerol molecule: :triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate It is also involved in promoting the cellular uptake of chylomicron remnants, cholesterol-rich lipoproteins, and free fatty acids. LPL requires ApoC-II as a cofactor. LPL is attached to the luminal surface of endothelial cells in capillaries by the protein glycosylphosphatidylinositol HDL-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) and by heparan sulfated peptidoglycans. It is most widely distributed in adipose, heart, and skeletal muscle tissue, as well as in lactating mammary glands. Synthesis In brief ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diglyceride Acyltransferase
Diglyceride acyltransferase (or O-acyltransferase), DGAT, catalyzes the formation of triglycerides from diacylglycerol and fatty acyl-CoA]. The reaction catalyzed by DGAT is considered the terminal and only committed step in triglyceride synthesis. The conversion is essential for intestinal absorption (i.e. DGAT1) and adipose tissue formation (i.e. DGAT2). The protein is homologous to other membrane-bound O-acyltransferases. Isoforms Two DGAT isozymes are encoded by the genes DGAT1 and DGAT2. Although both isozymes catalyze similar reactions, they share no sequence homology.DGAT1is mainly located in absorptive enterocyte cells that line the intestine and duodenum where it reassembles triglycerides that were decomposed through lipolysis in the process of intestinal absorption. DGAT1 reconstitutes triglycerides in a committed step after which they are packaged together with cholesterol and proteins to form chylomicrons.DGAT2is mainly located in fat, liver and skin cells. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beta Oxidation
In biochemistry and metabolism, beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain. It is named as such because the beta carbon of the fatty acid undergoes oxidation to a carbonyl group. Beta-oxidation is primarily facilitated by the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, an enzyme complex associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, although very long chain fatty acids are oxidized in peroxisomes. The overall reaction for one cycle of beta oxidation is: :C''n''-acyl-CoA + FAD + + + CoA → C''n''-2-acyl-CoA + + NADH + + acetyl-CoA Activation and membrane transport Free fatty acids cannot penetrate any biological membrane due to their negative charge. Free fatty acids must cross the cell membrane through specific transport pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Very Low-density Lipoprotein
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), density relative to extracellular water, is a type of lipoprotein made by the liver. VLDL is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein) that enable fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the bloodstream. VLDL is assembled in the liver from triglycerides, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins. VLDL is converted in the bloodstream to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). VLDL particles have a diameter of 30–80 nm. VLDL transports endogenous products, whereas chylomicrons transport exogenous (dietary) products. In the early 2010s both the lipid composition and protein composition of this lipoprotein were characterised in great detail. Function Very-low-density lipoproteins transport endogenous triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters. It functions a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
