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Ixodiphagus Hookeri
''Ixodiphagus hookeri'', the tick wasp, is an encyrtid wasp which lays its eggs into ticks. It seems to use a symbiotic bacteria, ''Wolbachia pipientis'', to weaken the tick's immune system. Description ''Ixodiphagus hookeri'' is a small wasp which has the typical morphology of an encyrtid wasp and is blackish in colour, it measures 0.8-0.9mm in length and has a wing length span of 1.5mm. Its head is dorsally flattened with very large compound eyes. In females, the antennae have eleven segments and the antennae are club shaped; while in males they have ten segments and are thread-like. Biology ''Ixodiphagus hookeri'' has a short flight period in the summer in Europe. The female normally oviposits an egg into the body of an unfed nymph of ''Ixodes ricinus'', but has been recorded ovipositing in the adults of ''Rhipicephalus sanguineus''. The egg remains in diapause until the nymph engorges on vertebrate blood, at which point the egg becomes active. Some eggs are not successful, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ixodes Ricinus
''Ixodes ricinus'', the castor bean tick, is a chiefly European species of hard-bodied tick. It may reach a length of when engorged with a blood meal, and can transmit both bacterial and viral pathogens such as the causative agents of Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis. Description In common with other species of ''Ixodes'', ''I. ricinus'' has no eyes and is not ornate; it has no festoons (wrinkles along the posterior margin). The palpi are longer than they are wide, and an anal groove is above the anus. It has a hard dorsal shield which covers the entire opisthosoma (abdomen), but only part of it in females and nymphs. ''I. ricinus'' is the largest of the three common species of ''Ixodes'' in the British Isles (the other two being '' I. canisuga'', the British dog tick, and '' I. trianguliceps'', the vole tick). Adult males are long, and unfed nymphs are long; females are long before feeding and long when engorged. Distribution ''Ixodes rici ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amblyomma
''Amblyomma'' is a genus of hard ticks. Some are disease vectors, for example the Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Brazil or ehrlichiosis in the United States. This genus is the third largest in the family Ixodidae, with its species primarily occupying the torrid zones of all the continents. The centre of species diversity is on the American continent, where half of all the species occur. On this continent, ''Amblyomma'' species reach far beyond the torrid zone, up to the 40th parallel in the Northern Hemisphere, to the 50th parallel in the Southern Hemisphere, and even reaches the alpine zone of the Andes. They also occur in Eurasia, Africa and Australia. G. V. Kolonin, Fauna of Ixodid Ticks of the World (Acari, Ixodidae), Moscow 2009 Species * '' Am ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hymenoptera Of Europe
Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are parasitic. Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or places that are otherwise inaccessible. This ovipositor is often modified into a stinger. The young develop through holometabolism (complete metamorphosis)—that is, they have a wormlike larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they mature. Etymology The name Hymenoptera refers to the wings of the insects, but the original derivation is ambiguous. All references agree that the derivation involves the Ancient Greek πτερόν (''pteron'') for wing. The Ancient Greek ὑμήν (''hymen'') for membrane provides a plausible etymology for the term because species in this order have membranous wings. However, a key characteristic of this order is that the hindwings are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encyrtinae
Encyrtinae is a subfamily of parasitic wasps in the family Encyrtidae. Genera - '' Acerophagus'' - '' Achalcerinys'' - '' Adelencyrtoides'' - '' Adelencyrtus'' - '' Adencyrtus'' - '' Admirencyrtus'' - '' Aenasiella'' - '' Aenasomyiella'' - '' Aesaria'' - '' Aethognathus'' - '' Agarwalencyrtus'' - '' Agekianella'' - '' Ageniaspis'' - '' Agromyzaphagus'' - '' Allencyrtus'' - '' Allocerchysius'' - '' Aloencyrtus'' - '' Amauroencyrtus'' - '' Ameromyzobia'' - '' Amicencyrtus'' - '' Amicroterys'' - '' Amira'' - '' Ammonoencyrtus'' - '' Anagyrodes'' - '' Anasemion'' - '' Andinoencyrtus'' - '' Anicetus'' - '' Anisophleps'' - ''Anthemus'' - '' Aphidencyrtoides'' - '' Aphycinus'' - '' Aphycoides'' - '' Aphycomastix'' - '' Aphycomorpha'' - '' Aphycopsis'' - '' Aphyculus'' - '' Aphycus'' - '' Apsilophrys'' - ''Archinus'' - '' Argutencyrtus'' - '' Arhopoidiella'' - '' Arketypon'' - '' Arrhenophagoidea'' - '' Arrhenophagus'' - '' Arzonella'' - '' Aschitus'' - '' Aseirba'' - '' Asterolecanobiu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antarctica
Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of . Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of . Antarctica is, on average, the coldest, driest, and windiest of the continents, and it has the highest average elevation. It is mainly a polar desert, with annual precipitation of over along the coast and far less inland. About 70% of the world's freshwater reserves are frozen in Antarctica, which, if melted, would raise global sea levels by almost . Antarctica holds the record for the lowest measured temperature on Earth, . The coastal regions can reach temperatures over in summer. Native species of animals include mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Where vegetation o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ixodiphagus Hookeri
''Ixodiphagus hookeri'', the tick wasp, is an encyrtid wasp which lays its eggs into ticks. It seems to use a symbiotic bacteria, ''Wolbachia pipientis'', to weaken the tick's immune system. Description ''Ixodiphagus hookeri'' is a small wasp which has the typical morphology of an encyrtid wasp and is blackish in colour, it measures 0.8-0.9mm in length and has a wing length span of 1.5mm. Its head is dorsally flattened with very large compound eyes. In females, the antennae have eleven segments and the antennae are club shaped; while in males they have ten segments and are thread-like. Biology ''Ixodiphagus hookeri'' has a short flight period in the summer in Europe. The female normally oviposits an egg into the body of an unfed nymph of ''Ixodes ricinus'', but has been recorded ovipositing in the adults of ''Rhipicephalus sanguineus''. The egg remains in diapause until the nymph engorges on vertebrate blood, at which point the egg becomes active. Some eggs are not successful, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases, using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. There are three basic strategies for biological pest control: classical (importation), where a natural enemy of a pest is introduced in the hope of achieving control; inductive (augmentation), in which a large population of natural enemies are administered for quick pest control; and inoculative (conservation), in which measures are taken to maintain natural enemies through regular reestablishment. Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological control agents, include predators, parasitoids, pathogens, and competitors. Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists. Biologic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dermacentor Reticulatus
''Dermacentor reticulatus'', also known as the ornate cow tick, ornate dog tick, meadow tick, and marsh tick, is a species of tick from the family Ixodidae. It is the type species for the genus ''Dermacentor''. ''D. reticulatus'' is an ornate tick. The female varies in size from 3.8–4.2 mm (unfed) to 10 mm when engorged after feeding. The unfed male is 4.2–4.8 mm long. ''D. reticulatus'' is found in Europe and Western Asia, generally in wooded areas. Lifecycle ''D. reticulartus'' has a three-host development cycle. The adult female remains on a host for 9–15 days, and can lay 3000–4500 eggs, although the total number of eggs depends on the size of the female. The larva hatches from the egg in 14–21 days. Disease transmission ''D. reticulatus'' is a vector of various disease organisms, including ''Babesia canis'', ''Francisella tularensis'', ''Coxiella burnetti'', ''Theileria equi'', and several ''Rickettsia'' species, such as ''Rickettsia slovaca. See ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhipicephalus
''Rhipicephalus'' is a genus of ticks in the family Ixodidae, the hard ticks, consisting of about 74 or 75 species. Most are native to tropical Africa.Olwoch, J. M., et al. (2007)Climate change and the genus ''Rhipicephalus'' (Acari: Ixodidae) in Africa.''Onderstepoort J Vet Res'' 74(1), 45-72. Species are difficult to distinguish from one another because most are quite similar, while individuals of one particular species can be quite variable.Beati, L. and J. E. Keirans. (2001)Analysis of the systematic relationships among ticks of the genera ''Rhipicephalus'' and ''Boophilus'' (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA gene sequences and morphological characters.''The Journal of Parasitology'' 87(1), 32. Most of the characteristics used to identify species pertain to male and immature specimens, and "females are sometimes simply impossible to identify". Many ''Rhipicephalus'' spp. are of economic, medical, and veterinary importance because they are vectors of pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ixodes
''Ixodes'' is a genus of hard-bodied ticks (family Ixodidae). It includes important disease vectors of animals and humans (tick-borne disease), and some species (notably ''Ixodes holocyclus'') inject toxins that can cause paralysis. Some ticks in this genus may transmit the pathogenic bacterium ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' responsible for causing Lyme disease. Additional organisms that may be transmitted by ''Ixodes'' are parasites from the genus ''Babesia'', which cause babesiosis, and bacteria from the related genus ''Anaplasma'', which cause anaplasmosis. Species These species are recognised within the genus ''Ixodes'': *''Ixodes abrocomae'' Lahille, 1917 *''Ixodes acer'' Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020 *''Ixodes acuminatus'' Neumann, 1901 *''Ixodes acutitarsus'' (Karsch, 1880) *''Ixodes affinis'' Neumann, 1899 *''Ixodes albignaci'' Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1969 *''Ixodes alluaudi'' Neumann, 1913 *'' Ixodes amarali'' Fonseca, 1935 *'' Ixodes amersoni'' Kohls, 1966 *'' Ixodes anat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyalomma
''Hyalomma'' is a genus of hard-bodied ticks common in Asia, Europe, and North Africa. They are also found in Southern Africa. The name is derived from Greek: hyalos (ὕαλος) crystal, glass; and omma (oμμα) eye. The genus is believed to originate from the area of the present-day Iran or the southern part of the former Soviet Union, having then had spread further into Asia, including the Middle East, and to southern Europe and Africa. ''Hyalomma'' are larger in size and do not have protective shields (indistinct festoons), but have eyes and banded legs. ''Hyalomma'' species are difficult to identify due to their hybridization and genetic and morphological variations, caused by harsh environmental conditions and lack of food sources. ''Hyalomma'' species are the only ticks to live in such harsh desert conditions. With few hosts available, they are required to be active as soon as a potential host is sensed. Adult ''Hyalomma'' can bite humans and transmit serious pathogens. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haemaphysalis
''Haemaphysalis'' is a genus of ticks, containing these species: *'' Haemaphysalis aborensis'' Warburton, 1913 *'' Haemaphysalis aciculifer'' Warburton, 1913 *'' Haemaphysalis aculeata'' Lavarra, 1904 *'' Haemaphysalis adleri'' Feldman-Muhsam, 1951 *'' Haemaphysalis anomala'' Warburton, 1913 *'' Haemaphysalis anomaloceraea'' Teng & Cui, 1984 *'' Haemaphysalis anoplos'' Hoogstraal, Uilenberg & Klein, 1967 *'' Haemaphysalis aponommoides'' Warburton, 1913 *'' Haemaphysalis asiatica'' (Supino, 1897) *'' Haemaphysalis atheruri'' Hoogstraal, Trapido & Kohls, 1965 *'' Haemaphysalis bancrofti'' Nuttall & Warburton, 1915 *'' Haemaphysalis bandicota'' Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1965 *'' Haemaphysalis bartelsi'' Schulze, 1938 *'' Haemaphysalis bequaerti'' Hoogstraal, 1956 *'' Haemaphysalis birmaniae'' Supino, 1897 *'' Haemaphysalis bispinosa'' Neumann, 1897 *'' Haemaphysalis bochkovi'' Apanaskevich & Tomlinson, 2019Dmitry Apanaskevich and Jackson A. Tomlinson. 2019. Description of four new species ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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