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Ivan Asen II
Ivan Asen II, also known as John Asen II (, ; 1190s – May/June 1241), was Emperor (Tsar) of Second Bulgarian Empire, Bulgaria from 1218 to 1241. He was still a child when his father Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria, Ivan Asen I one of the founders of the Second Bulgarian Empire was killed in 1196. His supporters tried to secure the throne for him after his uncle, Kaloyan of Bulgaria, Kaloyan, was murdered in 1207, but Kaloyan's other nephew, Boril of Bulgaria, Boril, overcame them. Ivan Asen fled from Bulgaria and settled in the List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine#Council of Liubech and after (1097–1237), Rus' principalities. Boril could never strengthen his rule which enabled Ivan Asen to muster an army and return to Bulgaria. He captured Veliko Tarnovo, Tarnovo and blinded Boril in 1218. Initially, he supported the full communion of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Bulgarian Church with the Papacy and concluded alliances with the neighboring Catholic powers, Kingd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Maria Asenina Of Bulgaria
Maria was a Bulgarian princess and daughter of Emperor Ivan Asen II (r. 1218–1241) and Irene Komnene. As a child of her father's third marriage, she was born sometime between 1238 and 1241. Through her mother, Maria was a granddaughter of Emperor Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Thessalonica (r. 1215–1230, d. after 1253) and Maria Petraliphaina. Maria was the full sister of Emperor Michael Asen I of Bulgaria and of Anna/Theodora. Maria is traditionally identified as the spouse of Emperor Mitso Asen of Bulgaria (r. 1256–1257), and thus a Bulgarian empress consort, but this is not certain. The sources name two sons-in-law of Ivan Asen II among the Bulgarian aristocracy, the sebastokrator Peter and the future emperor Mitso Asen. They seem to have married Ivan Asen II's daughters by Irene Komnene, but no source specifies the names of their respective wives. The renowned Bulgarian historian Vasil Zlatarski, without much rationale, assigned Anna/Theodora as the wife of Peter and Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Anna-Teodora
Anna or Theodora, inaccurately designated "Anna-Theodora" in historiography (, ''Anna-Teodora''; 13th century) was a Bulgarian princess and daughter of Emperor Ivan Asen II (r. 1218–1241) and Irene Komnene. A child of her father's third marriage, she was born sometime between 1238 and 1241. Through her mother, Anna/Theodora was a granddaughter of Emperor Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Thessalonica (r. 1215–1230, d. after 1253) and Maria Petraliphaina. The children of Ivan Asen II and Irene Komnene are named twice by George Akropolites, in one place as Michael, Theodora, and Maria, in another as Michael, Maria, and Anna. Ivan Božilov persuasively identified Anna and Theodora as the same daughter, but his reference to her as "Anna-Theodora" has created the misleading impression that she bore a double name. The conclusion — and the dubious usage — has been followed by most scholars. The sources name two sons-in-law of Ivan Asen II among the Bulgarian aristocracy, the sebasto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Emperor Of Bulgaria
The monarchs of Bulgaria ruled Bulgaria during the medieval First Bulgarian Empire, First ( 681–1018) and Second Bulgarian Empire, Second (1185–1422) Bulgarian empires, as well as during the modern Principality of Bulgaria, Principality (1879–1908) and Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom (1908–1946) of Bulgaria. This list includes monarchs from the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire until modern times, omitting earlier mythical rulers as well as rulers of separate states such as Old Great Bulgaria and Volga Bulgaria. Various titles have been used by the rulers of Bulgaria. The only recorded title, used before Bulgaria's conversion to Christianity, is ''kanasubigi'', likely meaning "Khan (title), Khan, Lord of the Army" or "the sublime Khan (title), Khan". When Bulgaria converted to Christianity in the ninth century, the ruler Boris I of Bulgaria, Boris I (852–889) was using the title ''knyaz'' (prince). For much of its later history under the first and second empires, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
List Of Tribes And States In Belarus, Russia And Ukraine
The following is a list of tribes which dwelled and states which existed on the territories of contemporary Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. Overview Clan cultures of the Stone Age and Bronze Age, up to the Late Antiquity period of the tribal societies that were replaced or incorporated into the Early Slavs. The Slavs were a diverse group of tribal societies in the Iron Age and Migration Age Europe whose tribal organizations created the foundations for today's Slavic nations. The tribes were later replaced or consolidated around Kiev by states containing a mixture of Slavs, Varangians and Finno-Ugric groups, starting with the formation of Kievan Rus'. When Kievan Rus' gradually disintegrated in the 12th and 13th centuries, in part by the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus', its constituent principalities, known historiographically as "Rus' principalities", asserted their autonomy or sovereignty from Kiev. This included semi-autonomous Rus' principalities in the southwest dependent on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Ohrid
Ohrid ( ) is a city in North Macedonia and is the seat of the Ohrid Municipality. It is the largest city on Lake Ohrid and the eighth-largest city in the country, with the municipality recording a population of over 42,000 inhabitants as of 2002. Ohrid is known for once having 365 churches, one for each day of the year, and has been referred to as the "Jerusalem of the Balkans"."The Mirror of the Macedonian Spirit, Zlate Petrovski, Sašo Talevski, Napredok, 2004, , page 72: "... and Macedonia in the Cathedral Church St. Sofia in the Macedonian Jerusalem — Ohrid..." The city is rich in picturesque houses and monuments, and tourism is predominant. It is located southwest of Skopje, west of Resen and Bitola. In 1979 and in 1980, respectively, Ohrid and Lake Ohrid were accepted as Cultural and Natural World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Ohrid is one of only 40 sites that are part of UNESCO's World Heritage that are Cultural as well as Natural sites. Name In antiquity the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Via Egnatia
The Via Egnatia was a road constructed by the Romans in the 2nd century BC. It crossed Illyricum, Macedonia, and Thracia, running through territory that is now part of modern Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, and European Turkey as a continuation of the Via Appia. Starting at Dyrrachium (now Durrës) on the Adriatic Sea, the road followed a difficult route along the river Genusus ( Shkumbin), over the '' Candaviae'' ( Jablanica) mountains and thence to the highlands around Lake Ohrid. It then turned by parts south, following several high mountain passes to reach the northern coastline of the Aegean Sea at Thessalonica. From there it ran through Thrace to the city of Byzantium (later Constantinople, now Istanbul). It covered a total distance of about 1,120 km (696 miles/746 Roman miles). Like other major Roman roads, it was about six metres (19.6 ft) wide, paved with large polygonal stone slabs or covered with a hard layer of sand. Construction and usage The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Battle Of Klokotnitsa
The Battle of Klokotnitsa (, ''Bitkata pri Klokotnitsa'') occurred on 9 March 1230 near the village of Klokotnitsa (Haskovo), Klokotnitsa (today in Haskovo Province, Bulgaria) between the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Empire of Thessalonica. As a result, Bulgaria emerged once again as the most powerful state in South-Eastern Europe. Origins of the conflict Around 1221–1222 Emperor Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria made an alliance with Theodore Komnenos Doukas, the ruler of Despotate of Epirus, Epirus. Secured by the treaty, Theodore managed to conquer Thessalonica from the Latin Empire, as well as lands in Macedonia (region), Macedonia including Ohrid, and establish the Empire of Thessalonica. After the death of the Latin Empire, Latin emperor Robert of Courtenay in 1228, Ivan Asen II was considered the most probable choice for regent of Baldwin II of Constantinople, Baldwin II. Theodore thought that Bulgaria was the only obstacle left on his way to Constantinople and in the begi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Emperor Of Thessalonica
The Empire of Thessalonica is a historiographic term used by some modern scholarse.g. ,, , . to refer to the short-lived Byzantine Greek state centred on the city of Thessalonica between 1224 and 1246 (''sensu stricto'' until 1242) and ruled by the Komnenodoukas dynasty of Epirus. At the time of its establishment during the struggle for Constantinople, the Empire of Thessalonica, under the capable Theodore Komnenos Doukas, rivaled the Empire of Nicaea and the Second Bulgarian Empire as the strongest state in the region, and aspired to capturing Constantinople, putting an end to the Latin Empire, and restoring the Byzantine Empire that had been extinguished in 1204. Thessalonica's ascendancy was brief, ending with the disastrous Battle of Klokotnitsa against Bulgaria in 1230, where Theodore Komnenos Doukas was captured. Reduced to a Bulgarian vassal, Theodore's brother and successor Manuel Komnenos Doukas was unable to prevent the loss of most of his brother's conquests in Macedonia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Theodore Komnenos Doukas
Theodore Komnenos Doukas (, ''Theodōros Komnēnos Doukas;'' Latinized as Theodore Comnenus Ducas; died 1253) or Theodore Angelos Komnenos was the ruler of Epirus and Thessaly from 1215 to 1230 and of Thessalonica and most of Macedonia and western Thrace from 1224 to 1230. He was also the power behind the rule of his sons John and Demetrios over Thessalonica in 1237–1246. Theodore was the scion of a distinguished Byzantine aristocratic family related to the imperial Komnenos, Doukas, and Angelos dynasties. Nevertheless, nothing is known about Theodore's life before the conquest of Constantinople and dissolution of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Following the fall of Constantinople, he served Theodore I Laskaris, founder of the Empire of Nicaea, for a few years before being called to Epirus, where his half-brother Michael I Komnenos Doukas had founded an independent principality. When Michael died in 1215, Theodore sidelined his brother's undera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Baldwin II, Latin Emperor
Baldwin II, also known as Baldwin of Courtenay (; ; late 1217 – October 1273), was the last Latin Emperor ruling from Constantinople. He was the only Latin Emperor born in Constantinople. Biography Baldwin II was born in Constantinople, a younger son of Yolanda of Flanders, sister of the first two emperors, Baldwin I and Henry of Flanders. Her husband, Peter of Courtenay, was third emperor of the Latin Empire, and had been followed by his son Robert of Courtenay, on whose death in 1228 the succession passed to Baldwin, then an 11-year-old boy. The barons chose John of Brienne as Baldwin's co-ruler for life. Baldwin was also to marry Marie of Brienne, daughter of John and his third wife Berenguela of Leon, and on John's death to enjoy the full imperial sovereignty. The marriage contract was carried out in 1234. Since the death of Baldwin's uncle Emperor Henry in 1216, the Latin Empire had declined and the Byzantine ( Nicene) power advanced; and the hopes that John of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Latin Empire Of Constantinople
The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantine Empire as the Western-recognized Roman Empire in the east, with a Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors. The main objective to form a Latin Empire was planned over the course of the Fourth Crusade, promoted by crusade leaders such as Boniface of Montferrat, as well as the Republic of Venice. The Fourth Crusade had originally been called to retake the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem, but a sequence of economic and political events culminated in the Crusader army sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Originally, the plan had been to restore the deposed Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who had been usurped by Alexios III Angelos, to the throne. The crusaders ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Kingdom Of Hungary (1000–1301)
The high medieval Kingdom of Hungary was a regional power in central Europe. It came into existence in Central Europe when Stephen I of Hungary, Stephen I, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, was crowned King of Hungary, king in 1000 or 1001. He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity. Although all written sources emphasize only the role played by Germans, German and Italians, Italian knights and clerics in the process, a significant part of the Hungarian language, Hungarian vocabulary for agriculture, religion was taken from Slavic languages. Civil wars and pagan uprisings, along with attempts by the Holy Roman emperors to expand their authority over Kingdom of Hungary, Hungary, jeopardized the new monarchy. The monarchy stabilized during the reigns of Ladislaus I of Hungary, Ladislaus I (1077–1095) and Coloman I of Hungary, Coloman (1095–1116). These rulers occupied Croatia and Dalmatia with the support of a part of the local population. Bot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
