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Ithiel De Sola Pool
Ithiel de Sola Pool (October 26, 1917 – March 11, 1984) was an American academic who was a widely celebrated and often controversial figure in the field of social sciences and information technology. He did significant research on technology and its effects on society. He coined the term "convergence" to describe the effect of various scientific innovations on society in a futuristic world, and made predictions of ways that technology would impact society that were often prescient. In his 1983 book ''Technologies of Freedom'', he predicted that digital electronics would allow convergence between historically separated modes of communication, and that these modes would eventually become one single grand system. Early life and education De Sola Pool was the son of David de Sola Pool, spiritual leader of the Sephardic Congregation Shearith Israel in New York City. His mother was Tamar Hirschensohn, the Palestine-born daughter of Rabbi Chaim Hirschensohn. His sister was Naomi de S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ithiel De Sola Pool, 1983
Ithiel (Hebrew אִיתִיאֵל ''’Îṯî’êl'') is an enigmatic name mentioned in the Biblical verse of Proverbs 30:1, "The words of Agur the son of Jakeh, the oracle. The man declares to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal..."(Masoretic Text: "...utterance to Ithiel, / to Ithiel and Ukal:") then follows the prophecy. Origin The name is angelic in origin, having the Hebrew suffix -iel, ''Yodh'', '' Aleph'', ''Lamed'', and can have a number of meanings. Etymology The name, Ithiel, has as its root a variation of the word ''ot'' (אוֹתּ) meaning "sign" and can be rendered as "the words of God," "he who understood the signs," or "he who understood the alphabet of God." Relating to the letters of the Hebrew alphabet, the root word ''ot'' also signifies "letters." Description The Irish abbot and missionary Saint Columba mentions Ithiel, along with Uriel, as one of seven angels charged with taking care of a monastery in his ode "Farewell". Arthur Cleveland Coxe, in his book ''Advent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the most prestigious and highly ranked academic institutions in the world. Founded in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States, MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering. MIT is one of three private land grant universities in the United States, the others being Cornell University and Tuskegee University. The institute has an urban campus that extends more than a mile (1.6 km) alongside the Charles River, and encompasses a number of major off-campus facilities such as the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, the Bates Center, and the Haystack Observatory, as well as affiliated laboratories such as the Broad and Whitehead Institutes. , 98 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judith Graham Pool
Judith Ethel Graham Pool (June 1, 1919 — July 13, 1975) was an Americans, American scientist. She is best known for the discovery of cryoprecipitate, cryoprecipitation, a process for creating concentrated blood clotting factors which significantly improved the quality of life for hemophiliacs around the world. Background Judith Graham was born in Queens, Queens, New York into a Jewish family. Her mother was a school teacher and her father was a stockbroker. She married Ithiel de Sola Pool, a political scientist, in her junior year. She left her graduate program when she gave birth to her two sons, Jonathan Robert and Jeremy David Pool, in the 1940s. The couple divorced in the 1950s. She moved to Oslo, Norway in 1958—1959. She had a daughter twenty years after the birth of her second son, and married Maurice Sokolow, professor of medicine and hematology. Their marriage ended after three years. Judith Pool died at age 56, from a brain tumor. Education Pool studied physics at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prior Restraint
Prior restraint (also referred to as prior censorship or pre-publication censorship) is censorship imposed, usually by a government or institution, on expression, that prohibits particular instances of expression. It is in contrast to censorship which establishes general subject matter restrictions and reviews a particular instance of expression only after the expression has taken place. In some countries (e.g., United States, Argentina) prior restraint by the government is forbidden, subject to exceptions (such as classifying certain matters of national security), by their respective constitutions. Prior restraint can be effected in a number of ways. For example, the exhibition of works of art or a movie may require a license from a government authority (sometimes referred to as a classification board or censorship board) before it can be published, and the failure or refusal to grant a license is a form of censorship as is the revoking of a license. It can take the form of a le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Institutional Review Board
An institutional review board (IRB), also known as an independent ethics committee (IEC), ethical review board (ERB), or research ethics board (REB), is a committee that applies research ethics by reviewing the methods proposed for research to ensure that they are ethical. Such boards are formally designated to approve (or reject), monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans. They often conduct some form of risk-benefit analysis in an attempt to determine whether or not research should be conducted. The purpose of the IRB is to assure that appropriate steps are taken to protect the rights and welfare of humans participating as subjects in a research study. Along with developed countries, many developing countries have established national, regional or local Institutional Review Boards in order to safeguard ethical conduct of research concerning both national and international norms, regulations or codes. A key goal of IRBs is to protect human subjects ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Null Hypothesis
In scientific research, the null hypothesis (often denoted ''H''0) is the claim that no difference or relationship exists between two sets of data or variables being analyzed. The null hypothesis is that any experimentally observed difference is due to chance alone, and an underlying causative relationship does not exist, hence the term "null". In addition to the null hypothesis, an alternative hypothesis is also developed, which claims that a relationship does exist between two variables. Basic definitions The ''null hypothesis'' and the ''alternative hypothesis'' are types of conjectures used in statistical tests, which are formal methods of reaching conclusions or making decisions on the basis of data. The hypotheses are conjectures about a statistical model of the population, which are based on a sample of the population. The tests are core elements of statistical inference, heavily used in the interpretation of scientific experimental data, to separate scientific claims fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daniel Ellsberg
Daniel Ellsberg (born April 7, 1931) is an American political activist, and former United States military analyst. While employed by the RAND Corporation, Ellsberg precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the ''Pentagon Papers'', a top-secret Pentagon study of the U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to ''The New York Times'', ''The Washington Post'' and other newspapers. On January 3, 1973, Ellsberg was charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 along with other charges of theft and conspiracy, carrying a total maximum sentence of 115 years. Because of governmental misconduct and illegal evidence-gathering, and the defense by Leonard Boudin and Harvard Law School professor Charles Nesson, Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. dismissed all charges against Ellsberg on May 11, 1973. Ellsberg was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 2006. He is also known for having formulated an important example in decision theory, the Ellsber ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jill Lepore
Jill Lepore is an American historian and journalist. She is the David Woods Kemper '41 Professor of American History at Harvard University and a staff writer at ''The New Yorker'', where she has contributed since 2005. She writes about American history, law, literature, and politics. Her essays and reviews have also appeared in ''The New York Times'', ''The Times Literary Supplement'', '' The Journal of American History'', '' Foreign Affairs'', the '' Yale Law Journal'', ''The American Scholar'', and the '' American Quarterly''. Three of her books derive from her ''New Yorker'' essays: ''The Mansion of Happiness: A History of Life and Death'' (2012), a finalist for the Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Nonfiction; ''The Story of America: Essays on Origins'' (2012), shortlisted for the PEN Literary Award for the Art of the Essay; and ''The Whites of Their Eyes: The Tea Party's Revolution and the Battle for American History'' (2010). Lepore's ''The Secret History of Wonder Woman'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simulmatics Corporation
The Simulmatics Corporation was a U.S. data science firm founded in 1959 that used algorithms to target voters and consumers. One of its leading figures was Ithiel de Sola Pool. Professor of American History at Harvard University Jill Lepore wrote a book about the Simulmatics Corporation, titled ''If Then'', in 2020, and recorded an audio version broadcast by BBC Radio 4 in 2021. The political novel '' The 480'' contains a fictional treatment of the Simulmatics Corporation's activities. References See also * Cambridge Analytica Cambridge Analytica Ltd (CA), previously known as SCL USA, was a British political consulting firm that came to prominence through the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal. It was started in 2013, as a subsidiary of the private intellig ... Political campaign techniques {{US-corp-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trotskyite
Trotskyism is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Ukrainian-Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky and some other members of the Left Opposition and Fourth International. Trotsky self-identified as an Orthodox Marxism, orthodox Marxist, a Revolutionary socialism, revolutionary Marxist, and Bolsheviks, Bolshevik–Leninism, Leninist, a follower of Marx, Engels, and 3L: Vladimir Lenin, Karl Liebknecht, and Rosa Luxemburg. He supported founding a vanguard party of the proletariat, proletarian internationalism, and a dictatorship of the proletariat (as opposed to the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie", which Marxists argue defines capitalism) based on working-class self-emancipation and Soviet democracy, mass democracy. Trotskyists are Anti-Stalinist left, critical of Stalinism as they oppose Joseph Stalin's theory of socialism in one country in favour of Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution. Trotskyists criticize the bureaucracy and anti-democratic current deve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is a research strategy that focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data. It is formed from a deductive approach where emphasis is placed on the testing of theory, shaped by empiricist and positivist philosophies. Associated with the natural, applied, formal, and social sciences this research strategy promotes the objective empirical investigation of observable phenomena to test and understand relationships. This is done through a range of quantifying methods and techniques, reflecting on its broad utilization as a research strategy across differing academic disciplines. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories, and hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. Quantitative data is any data that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Information Overload
Information overload (also known as infobesity, infoxication, information anxiety, and information explosion) is the difficulty in understanding an issue and effectively making decisions when one has too much information (TMI) about that issue, and is generally associated with the excessive quantity of daily information. The term "information overload" was first used as early as 1962 by scholars in management and information studies, including in Bertram Gross' 1964 book, ''The Managing of Organizations,'' and was further popularized by Alvin Toffler in his bestselling 1970 book ''Future Shock.'' Speier et al. (1999) said that if input exceeds the processing capacity, information overload occurs, which is likely to reduce the quality of the decisions. In a newer definition, Roetzel (2019) focuses on time and resources aspects. He states that when a decision-maker is given many sets of information, such as complexity, amount, and contradiction, the quality of its decision is decre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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