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Irish Court Of Exchequer
The Court of Exchequer (Ireland) or the Irish Exchequer of Pleas, was one of the senior courts of common law in Ireland. It was the mirror image of the equivalent court in England. The Court of Exchequer was one of the four royal courts of justice which gave their name to the building in which they were located, which is still called the Four Courts, and in use as a Courthouse, in Dublin. History According to Elrington BallBall, F. Elrington. ''The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921''. London: John Murray, 1926 the Irish Court of Exchequer was established by 1295, and by 1310 it was headed by the Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, assisted by at least one associate Baron of the Exchequer. The Court seems to have functioned for some years without a Chief Baron. Sir David de Offington, former Sheriff of County Dublin, was appointed the first Baron in 1294, followed by Richard de Soham the following year, and William de Meones in 1299. The first Chief Baron was Walter de Islip, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Courts Of Common Law
A court is any person or institution, often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law. In both common law and civil law legal systems, courts are the central means for dispute resolution, and it is generally understood that all people have an ability to bring their claims before a court. Similarly, the rights of those accused of a crime include the right to present a defense before a court. The system of courts that interprets and applies the law is collectively known as the judiciary. The place where a court sits is known as a venue. The room where court proceedings occur is known as a courtroom, and the building as a courthouse; court facilities range from simple and very small facilities in rural communities to large complex facilities in urban communities. The practical authority given to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barristers
A barrister is a type of lawyer in common law jurisdictions. Barristers mostly specialise in courtroom advocacy and litigation. Their tasks include taking cases in superior courts and tribunals, drafting legal pleadings, researching law and giving expert legal opinions. Barristers are distinguished from both solicitors and chartered legal executives, who have more direct access to clients, and may do transactional legal work. It is mainly barristers who are appointed as judges, and they are rarely hired by clients directly. In some legal systems, including those of Scotland, South Africa, Scandinavia, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and the British Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, the word ''barrister'' is also regarded as an honorific title. In a few jurisdictions, barristers are usually forbidden from "conducting" litigation, and can only act on the instructions of a solicitor, and increasingly - chartered legal executives, who perform tasks such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Royal Mint
The Royal Mint is the United Kingdom's oldest company and the official maker of British coins. Operating under the legal name The Royal Mint Limited, it is a limited company that is wholly owned by His Majesty's Treasury and is under an exclusive contract to supply the nation's coinage. As well as minting circulating coins for the UK and international markets, The Royal Mint is a leading provider of precious metal products. The Royal Mint was historically part of a series of mints that became centralised to produce coins for the Kingdom of England, all of Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and nations across the Commonwealth. The Royal Mint operated within the Tower of London for several hundred years before moving to what is now called Royal Mint Court, where it remained until the 1960s. As Britain followed the rest of the world in decimalising its currency, the Mint moved from London to a new 38-acre (15 ha) plant in Llantrisant, Glamorgan, Wales, where it has remained sin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goldsmith
A goldsmith is a Metalworking, metalworker who specializes in working with gold and other precious metals. Nowadays they mainly specialize in jewelry-making but historically, goldsmiths have also made cutlery, silverware, platter (dishware), platters, goblets, decorative and serviceable utensils, and ceremonial or religious items. Goldsmiths must be skilled in forming metal through file (tool), filing, brazing, soldering, sawing, forging, Casting (metalworking), casting, and polishing. The trade has very often included jewelry-making skills, as well as the very similar skills of the silversmith. Traditionally, these skills had been passed along through apprenticeships; more recently jewelry arts schools, specializing in teaching goldsmithing and a multitude of skills falling under the jewelry arts umbrella, are available. Many universities and junior colleges also offer goldsmithing, silversmithing, and metal arts fabrication as a part of their fine arts curriculum. Gold Com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Archbold
Thomas Archbold, or Thomas Galmole (died after 1506) was a goldsmith and silver worker, who evidently qualified as a lawyer, and rose to become a senior Crown official and judge in Ireland in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. He was Master of the Mint in Ireland for many years. Background He was born in Dublin, to a family with a long connection to the city. The Archbold family were among the earliest English settlers in Ireland. William Archbold, a senior member of the Royal household who was appointed one of the Irish Barons of the Exchequer in 1378, was his ancestor. A royal writ of 1400, concerning the appointment of one William Archbold (probably either the judge, or his son) as Constable of the fort of Newcastle Mackynegan in County Wicklow, names no less than five members of the Archbold family, all living in Dublin, as sureties for his good conduct.''Patent Roll 1 Henry IV'' Richard Archbold, Constable of Dublin Castle in the 1480s, may also have been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drogheda
Drogheda ( , ; , meaning "bridge at the ford") is an industrial and port town in County Louth on the east coast of Ireland, north of Dublin. It is located on the Dublin–Belfast corridor on the east coast of Ireland, mostly in County Louth but with the south fringes of the town in County Meath, north of Dublin. Drogheda has a population of approximately 41,000 inhabitants (2016), making it the List of settlements on the island of Ireland by population, eleventh largest settlement by population in all of Ireland, and the largest town in the Republic of Ireland by both population and area. It is the last bridging point on the River Boyne before it enters the Irish Sea. The UNESCO World Heritage Site of Newgrange is located west of the town. Drogheda was founded as two separately administered towns in two different territories: Drogheda-in-Kingdom of Meath, Meath (i.e. the Lordship of Meath, Lordship and Liberty of Meath, from which a charter was granted in 1194) and Drogheda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Customs
Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal effects, and hazardous items, into and out of a country. Traditionally, customs has been considered as the fiscal subject that charges customs duties (i.e. tariffs) and other taxes on import and export. In recent decades, the views on the functions of customs have considerably expanded and now covers three basic issues: taxation, security, and trade facilitation. Each country has its own laws and regulations for the import and export of goods into and out of a country, enforced by their respective customs authorities; the import/export of some goods may be restricted or forbidden entirely. A wide range of penalties are faced by those who break these laws. Overview Taxation The traditional function of customs has been the assessment and collection of customs duties, which is a tariff or tax on the importa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Radcliffe (KG)
Sir John Radcliffe (died 1441), of Attleborough, was an English knight and administrator who served as Seneschal of Gascony, 2nd Baron of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland), Joint Chief Butler of Ireland, Bailli of Evreux and Constable of Bordeaux. He represented Norfolk as a Member of Parliament in 1420 and 1427. Life Radcliffe was the younger son of James Radcliffe of Radcliffe, Lancashire and Joan Tempest. John spent his early years in the entourage of Thomas of Lancaster. He is described as Thomas's Secretary, and went with him to Ireland in 1401, when Thomas was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was appointed second Baron of the Irish Court of Exchequer in 1404.Ball, F. Elrington ''The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921'' London John Murray 1926 p.172 It is unclear if he had any legal qualifications: despite their senior judicial office, Irish Barons were not then invariably lawyers. He was appointed in April 1406, Joint Chief Butler of Ireland by Thomas. John died in 1441 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry IV Of England
Henry IV ( April 1367 – 20 March 1413), also known as Henry Bolingbroke, was King of England from 1399 to 1413. He asserted the claim of his grandfather King Edward III, a maternal grandson of Philip IV of France, to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the first English ruler since the Norman Conquest, over three hundred years prior, whose mother tongue was English rather than French. Henry was the son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, himself the son of Edward III. John of Gaunt was a power in England during the reign of Henry's cousin Richard II. Henry was involved in the revolt of the Lords Appellant against Richard in 1388, resulting in his exile. After John died in 1399, Richard blocked Henry's inheritance of his father's duchy. That year, Henry rallied a group of supporters, overthrew and imprisoned Richard II, and usurped the throne, actions that later would lead to what is termed the Wars of the Roses and a more stabilized monarchy. As king, Henry faced a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francis Toppesfeld
Francis Toppesfeld (died after 1427) was an English Crown servant who became a judge in Ireland.Ball p.175 He is first heard of in the reign of King Henry IV, when he was an esquire of the body, in personal attendance on the Royal Family. He was a senior official who held the position of Controller of the Household to King Henry's second son Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence. Clarence held office as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1401-13 (arriving in Dublin in November 1401)Otway-Ruthven p.341 and it is almost certain that Toppesfeld accompanied him to Ireland, as did another future Baron of the Exchequer, Sir John Radcliffe, then Lancaster's Secretary and later a distinguished military commander.Ball p.172 Toppesfeld married Alice, an heiress who brought him a considerable landholding in Ireland. They were visiting England in 1410, having appointed Thomas Shorthalls, later another colleague of Toppesfeld on the Court of Exchequer, as their attorney. Thomas Duke of Clarence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Shorthalls
Thomas Shortalls, or Shorthals (c.1370–1445) was an Irish municipal official and judge of the fifteenth century.Ball p.176 He was probably born in Kilkenny city, where the Shorthalls were a leading local family, but seems to have spent most of his adult life in Dublin. Robert Shorthalls, who was High Sheriff of County Kilkenny in 1421, was probably a relative. Robert, like Thomas, seems to have been a Crown servant of some importance: in 1425 the Privy Council ordered that he be paid 100 shillings for his services in the "wars and treaties".''Close Roll 3 Henry VI'' Thomas is first heard of as clerk to the city of Dublin, and then became Sheriff of Dublin City (the title then was Bailiff) in 1406. He served two further terms as Sheriff, in 1414 and 1424. In 1410 "for his services" the English Crown granted him an allowance of 28 shillings a year for the next seven years to be paid out of the fee farm rents of Dublin.''Patent Roll 11 Henry IV '' In the same year he was made Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
