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Irian Highlands Languages
The West Papuan Highland languages, also known as the Irian Highland languages, are a branch of the Trans–New Guinea language family proposed by Larson & Larson (1972) and confirmed by Timothy Usher. William A. Foley considers their Trans–New Guinea identity to be established. * Dani (Balim Valley) family * Paniai Lakes (Wissel Lakes) family * Amung–Dem ** Amung (Uhunduni, Damal) **Dem DEM was the ISO 4217 currency code for the Deutsche Mark, former currency of Germany Computing * Digital elevation model, a digital representation of ground-surface topography or terrain ** .dem, a common extension for USGS DEM files * Discrete ... History Capell linked the Dani languages to Kwerba in 1962, a position followed by Wurm, who included Dani-Kwerba and the Wissel Lakes (Paniai Lakes) languages as branches of Trans–New Guinea. Larson & Larson (1972) proposed that the Dani and Paniai Lakes families, along with the Amung and Dem isolates, grouped together within TNG. Ross ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irian Jaya
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torres Strait, though both landmasses lie on the same continental shelf. Numerous smaller islands are located to the west and east. The eastern half of the island is the major land mass of the independent state of Papua New Guinea. The western half, known as Western New Guinea, forms a part of Indonesia and is organized as the provinces of Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua. The largest cities on the island are Jayapura (capital of Papua, Indonesia) and Port Moresby (capital of Papua New Guinea). Names The island has been known by various names: The name ''Papua'' was used to refer to parts of the island before contact with the West. Its etymology is unclear; one theory states that it derive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mek Languages
The Mek languages are a well established family of Papuan languages spoken by the Mek peoples. They form a branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and of Malcolm Ross (2005). Mek, then called Goliath, was identified by M. Bromley in 1967. It was placed in TNG by Wurm (1975). Languages The Mek languages form three dialect chains (Heeschen 1998): * Eastern: Ketengban (including Okbap, Omban, Bime, Onya), Una (Goliath), Eipomek * Northern: Kosarek Yale–Nipsan, Nalca * Western: Korupun-Sela (including Dagi, Sisibna, Deibula) Proto-language Phonemes Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant and vowel inventories as 'perhaps' as follows: : : : Pronouns Pronouns are: : The difference between the two 3pl forms is not known. 2pl and 3pl have parallels in Momuna /kun tun/. Basic vocabulary Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are: : Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Vo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Somahai Languages
Momuna (Momina), also known as Somahai (Somage, Sumohai), is a Papuan language spoken in the highlands of Papua province, Indonesia. Varieties Reimer notes two dialects, one on the Balim River and one on the Rekai. One of the differences is that when /u/ follows an /u/ or /o/ in the Balim dialect, it is /i/ in the Rekai dialect. Thus the ethnonym 'Momuna' is pronounced 'Momina' in Rekai dialect. Classification The Somahai pronouns, singular *na, *ka, *mo, are typical of Trans–New Guinea languages. They were placed in the Central and South New Guinea branch of that family by Wurm. Ross could not locate enough evidence to classify them. Usher found them to be closest to the Mek languages The Mek languages are a well established family of Papuan languages spoken by the Mek peoples. They form a branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and of Malcolm Ross (2005). Mek, then cal ..., in the Central West New Guinea, which p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Densar Language
Densar is a poorly attested Bayono–Awbono language spoken in the highlands of Papua Province, Indonesia. Glottolog tentatively groups it with Awbono. in '' Glottolog
''Glottolog'' is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, developed and maintained first at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany (between 2015 and 2020 at the Max Planck Institute for ... '' 4.1
All that is known of Densar is a few dozen words given in Wilbrink (2004).Wilbrink, Ans (2004). ''The Kopkaka of Papua: Provisional notes on their language, its language affiliation and on the Kopkaka culture.'' MA thesis, Vrije ...
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Kovojab Language
Kovojab (Kovojap, Kvolyab, Kopoyap) is a Bayono–Awbono language spoken in the highlands of Papua Province, Indonesia. All that is known of Kovojab is a few hundred words recorded in Wilbrink (2004).Wilbrink, Ans (2004). ''The Kopkaka of Papua: Provisional notes on their language, its language affiliation and on the Kopkaka culture.'' MA thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. The Kovojab word list in Wilbrink (2004) was originally recorded by Peter Jan de Vries. Names ''Ethnologue'' gives the name ''Kvolyab'' as an alternative name for Awbono. However, Glottolog ''Glottolog'' is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, developed and maintained first at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany (between 2015 and 2020 at the Max Planck Institute for ... classifies Kovojab with Bayono rather than with Awbono. The name ''Kopoyap'' is given by Hischier (2006).Hischier, Phyllis (2006). ''Exploration of the Remote Kopayap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Awbono Language
Awbono is a Papuan language spoken in the highlands of Papua Province, Indonesia. All that is known of Awbono is a few hundred words recorded in first-contact situations recorded in Wilbrink (2004)Wilbrink, Ans (2004). ''The Kopkaka of Papua: Provisional notes on their language, its language affiliation and on the Kopkaka culture.'' MA thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. and Hischier (2006). An Awbono word list from Jacky Menanti is published in Wilbrink (2004). Densar, which is poorly attested, may be closely related. in '' Glottolog
''Glottolog'' is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, developed and maintained first at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutio ...
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Bayono Language
Bayono (Enamesi, Swesu) is a Papuan language spoken in the highlands of Papua Province, Indonesia. All that is known of Bayono is a few hundred words recorded in first-contact situations recorded in Wilbrink (2004)Wilbrink, Ans (2004). ''The Kopkaka of Papua: Provisional notes on their language, its language affiliation and on the Kopkaka culture.'' MA thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. and Hischier (2006). A Bayono word list from Jacky Menanti is published in Wilbrink (2004). Kovojab may be closely related. in '' Glottolog
''Glottolog'' is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, developed and maintained first at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthr ...
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Uhunduni Language
Uhunduni, also known as Damal (''Damal-kal'') and Amung (''Amung-kal'') after two of its dialects, is the language of the Amung people and Damal people. It is a Trans–New Guinea language that forms an independent branch of that family in the classification of Malcolm Ross (2005). However, it is treated as an isolate by Palmer (2018). Dialects are Amongme, Amung, Damal, Enggipilu. Classification Pawley and Hammarström (2018) do not consider there to be sufficient evidence for Uhunduni to be classified as part of Trans-New Guinea, though they do note the following lexical resemblances between Uhunduni and proto-Trans-New Guinea. *''no''- ‘eat’ < *na- *''mo''- come’ < *me- *''mini''- ‘sit’ < *mVna- *''eme''- ‘give’ < *mV- Pronouns Ross (2005) lists the pronouns as: : ''Iru'' is an inclusive dual.Vocabulary The following basic vocabulary words of Damal (Uhunduni) are from the Trans-New Guinea database, citing Voorhoe ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lakes Plain Languages
The Lakes Plain languages are a family of Papuan languages, spoken in the Lakes Plain of Indonesian New Guinea. They are notable for being heavily tonal and for their lack of nasal consonants. Classification The Lakes Plain languages were tentatively grouped by Stephen Wurm with the Tor languages in his Trans–New Guinea proposal. Clouse (1997) rejected this connection to the Tor languages and grouped them with the Geelvink Bay languages. Malcolm Ross classifies the languages as an independent family, a position confirmed by Timothy Usher. Because of the apparent phonological similarities and sharing of stable basic words such as ‘louse’, William A. Foley speculates the potential likelihood of a distant relationship shared between the Skou and Lakes Plain families, but no formal proposals linking the two families have been made due to insufficient evidence. Additionally according to Foley, based on some lexical and phonological similarities, the Keuw language (current ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trans–New Guinea Languages
Trans–New Guinea (TNG) is an extensive family of Papuan languages spoken on the island of New Guinea and neighboring islands ‒ corresponding to the country Papua New Guinea as well as parts of Indonesia. Trans–New Guinea is the third-largest language family in the world by number of languages. The core of the family is considered to be established, but its boundaries and overall membership are uncertain. The languages are spoken by around 3 million people. There have been three main proposals as to its internal classification. History of the proposal Although Papuan languages for the most part are poorly documented, several of the branches of Trans–New Guinea have been recognized for some time. The Eleman languages were first proposed by S. Ray in 1907, parts of Marind were recognized by Ray and JHP Murray in 1918, and the Rai Coast languages in 1919, again by Ray. The precursor of the Trans–New Guinea family was Stephen Wurm's 1960 proposal of an East New Guinea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
