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Integrin Alpha 4
CD49d is an integrin alpha subunit. It makes up half of the α4β1 lymphocyte homing receptor. Function The product of this gene belongs to the integrin alpha chain family of proteins. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This gene encodes an alpha 4 chain. Unlike other integrin alpha chains, alpha 4 neither contains an I-domain, nor undergoes disulfide-linked cleavage. Alpha 4 chain associates with either beta 1 chain or beta 7 chain. Interactions CD49d has been shown to interact with LGALS8 and Paxillin. See also * Carotegrast methyl Carotegrast methyl (trade name Carogra) is a drug used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Carotegrast methyl is a prodrug that has little pharmacological activity itself. The methyl ester, which is designed to enhance oral bioavailability ..., an integrin alpha 4 antagonist used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis References Further reading * * * * * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Integrin
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that facilitate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion. Upon ligand binding, integrins activate signal transduction pathways that mediate cellular signals such as regulation of the cell cycle, organization of the intracellular cytoskeleton, and movement of new receptors to the cell membrane. The presence of integrins allows rapid and flexible responses to events at the cell surface (''e.g''. signal platelets to initiate an interaction with coagulation factors). Several types of integrins exist, and one cell generally has multiple different types on its surface. Integrins are found in all animals while integrin-like receptors are found in plant cells. Integrins work alongside other proteins such as cadherins, the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules, selectins and syndecans, to mediate cell–cell and cell–matrix interaction. Ligands for integrins include fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen and laminin. Stru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lymphocyte Homing Receptor
Lymphocyte homing receptors are cell adhesion molecules expressed on lymphocyte cell membranes that recognize addressins on target tissues. ''Lymphocyte homing'' refers to adhesion of the circulating lymphocytes in blood to specialized endothelial cells within lymphoid organs. These diverse tissue-specific adhesion molecules on lymphocytes (''homing receptors'') and on endothelial cells (''vascular addressins'') contribute to the development of specialized immune responses. Free lymphocytes constantly recirculate in blood after their re-entry from lymphoid tissue, via lymphatic and thoracic ducts. This happens so that the full repertoire of antigenic specificities of lymphocytes is continuously represented throughout the body. Homing happens in tissue-specific manner—e.g. B lymphocytes migrate better to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (Peyer's patches), and T lymphocytes preferentially to the peripheral lymph nodes. The process of lymphocyte homing is deliberate, mediated by lym ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LGALS8
Galectin-8 is a protein of the galectin family that in humans is encoded by the ''LGALS8'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the galectin family. Galectins are beta-galactoside-binding animal lectins with conserved carbohydrate recognition domains. The galectins have been implicated in many essential functions including development, differentiation, cell-cell adhesion, cell-matrix interaction, growth regulation, apoptosis, and RNA splicing. This gene is widely expressed in tumoral tissues and seems to be involved in integrin-like cell interactions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. Galectin-8, interacts with the mTOR regulatory system composed of SLC38A9, Ragulator, RagAB, RagCD. Galectin-8 controls mTOR causing its inactivation and dissociation from damaged lysosomes, hence transducing the breach of the lysosomal membrane to mTOR. The physiological consequences of mTOR inhibition following lysosomal memb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paxillin
Paxillin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PXN'' gene. Paxillin is expressed at focal adhesions of non-striated cells and at costameres of striated muscle cells, and it functions to adhere cells to the extracellular matrix. Mutations in ''PXN'' as well as abnormal expression of paxillin protein has been implicated in the progression of various cancers. Structure Human paxillin is 64.5 kDa in molecular weight and 591 amino acids in length. The C-terminal region of paxillin is composed of four tandem double zinc finger LIM domains that are cysteine/histidine-rich with conserved repeats; these serve as binding sites for the protein tyrosine phosphatase-PEST, tubulin and serves as the targeting motif for focal adhesions. The N-terminal region of paxillin has five highly conserved leucine-rich sequences termed LD motifs, which mediate several interactions, including that with pp125FAK and vinculin. The LD motifs are predicted to form amphipathic alpha helices, with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carotegrast Methyl
Carotegrast methyl (trade name Carogra) is a drug used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Carotegrast methyl is a prodrug that has little pharmacological activity itself. The methyl ester, which is designed to enhance oral bioavailability, is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid, carotegrast, by the enzyme carboxylesterase 1 in the liver. Carotegrast is an α4-integrin antagonist which prevents the chronic inflammation affecting the gastrointestinal tract in individuals with ulcerative colitis. : Carotegrast methyl received approval in Japan in March 2022 for the treatment of moderate ulcerative colitis in patients who had inadequate response to mesalazine Mesalazine, also known as mesalamine or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), is a medication used to treat inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It is generally used for mildly to moderately severe disease. I .... References {{gastrointestinal-drug-stub Prodrugs Methyl es ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Integrins
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that facilitate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion. Upon ligand binding, integrins activate signal transduction pathways that mediate cellular signals such as regulation of the cell cycle, organization of the intracellular cytoskeleton, and movement of new receptors to the cell membrane. The presence of integrins allows rapid and flexible responses to events at the cell surface (''e.g''. signal platelets to initiate an interaction with coagulation factors). Several types of integrins exist, and one cell generally has multiple different types on its surface. Integrins are found in all animals while integrin-like receptors are found in plant cells. Integrins work alongside other proteins such as cadherins, the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules, selectins and syndecans, to mediate cell–cell and cell–matrix interaction. Ligands for integrins include fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen and laminin. Structur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
