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Ice-ice
Ice-ice is a disease condition of seaweed. Ice-ice is caused when changes in salinity, ocean temperature and light intensity cause stress to seaweeds, making them produce a "moist organic substance" that attracts bacteria in the water and induces the characteristic "whitening" and hardening of the seaweed's tissues. Bacteria involved include those in the ''Vibrio-Aeromonas'' and ''Cytophaga-Flavobacteria'' complexes. The bacteria lyse epidermal cells and chloroplasts, turning the seaweed tissue white. The disease is known from seaweeds including ''Kappaphycus alvarezii'' and ''Eucheuma denticulatum'', economically important sources of carrageenan. In countries where seaweed is harvested as a crop, ice-ice can wreak havoc on yields. Zamboanga, Philippines, had an outbreak of ice-ice in 2004, and Bali, Indonesia, experienced an outbreak in 2009. A rise in surface sea temperatures of 2–3 degrees Celsius can trigger ice-ice outbreaks. __TOC__ Pathogens Analysis has been performed t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ice-ice Disease On Kappaphycus
Ice-ice is a disease condition of seaweed. Ice-ice is caused when changes in salinity, ocean temperature and light intensity cause stress to seaweeds, making them produce a "moist organic substance" that attracts bacteria in the water and induces the characteristic "whitening" and hardening of the seaweed's tissues. Bacteria involved include those in the ''Vibrio-Aeromonas'' and ''Cytophaga-Flavobacteria'' complexes. The bacteria lyse epidermal cells and chloroplasts, turning the seaweed tissue white. The disease is known from seaweeds including ''Kappaphycus alvarezii'' and ''Eucheuma denticulatum'', economically important sources of carrageenan. In countries where seaweed is harvested as a crop, ice-ice can wreak havoc on yields. Zamboanga, Philippines, had an outbreak of ice-ice in 2004, and Bali, Indonesia, experienced an outbreak in 2009. A rise in surface sea temperatures of 2–3 degrees Celsius can trigger ice-ice outbreaks. __TOC__ Pathogens Analysis has been performed t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bali
Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nusa Ceningan to the southeast. The provincial capital, Denpasar, is the most populous city in the Lesser Sunda Islands and the second-largest, after Makassar, in Eastern Indonesia. The upland town of Ubud in Greater Denpasar is considered Bali's cultural centre. The province is Indonesia's main tourist destination, with a significant rise in tourism since the 1980s. Tourism-related business makes up 80% of its economy. Bali is the only Hindu-majority province in Indonesia, with 86.9% of the population adhering to Balinese Hinduism. It is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. The Indonesian International Film Festival is held every year in Bal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caulerpa Racemosa
''Caulerpa racemosa'' is a species of edible green alga, a seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae. It is commonly known as sea grapes (along with the related ''Caulerpa lentillifera'') and is found in many areas of shallow sea around the world. There are a number of different forms and varieties, and one that appeared in the Mediterranean Sea in 1990, which is giving cause for concern as an invasive species. Taxonomy There are about 75 species of ''Caulerpa''. Many of them exhibit polymorphism, showing different growth forms in different habitats which makes them difficult to identify. ''C. racemosa'', ''C. laetevirens'' and ''C. peltata'' form a species complex. A number of forms and varieties for ''C. racemosa'' are listed but further study is needed to clarify their exact phylogenetic relationships. Description A plant of ''C. racemosa'' consists of a number of branches linked to stolons which are anchored to the sandy substrate by rhizoids. The branches are a few centimetres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Green Algae
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alga as sister of the Zygnematophyceae. Since the realization that the Embryophytes emerged within the green algae, some authors are starting to properly include them. The completed clade that includes both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic and is referred to as the clade Viridiplantae and as the kingdom Plantae. The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, most with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid and filamentous forms, and macroscopic, multicellular seaweeds. There are about 22,000 species of green algae. Many species live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form coenobia (colonies), long filaments, or highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds. A few other organi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia
''Stenotrophomonas maltophilia'' is an aerobic, nonfermentative, Gram-negative bacterium. It is an uncommon bacterium and human infection is difficult to treat. Initially classified as ''Bacterium bookeri'', then renamed ''Pseudomonas maltophilia'', ''S. maltophilia'' was also grouped in the genus ''Xanthomonas'' before eventually becoming the type species of the genus ''Stenotrophomonas'' in 1993. ''S. maltophilia'' is slightly smaller (0.7–1.8 × 0.4–0.7 μm) than other members of the genus. They are motile due to polar flagella, and grow well on MacConkey agar producing pigmented colonies. ''S. maltophilia'' is catalase-positive, oxidase-negative (which distinguishes it from most other members of the genus) and has a positive reaction for extracellular DNase. ''S. maltophilia'' is ubiquitous in aqueous environments, soil, and plants; it has also been used in biotechnology applications. In immunocompromised patients, ''S. maltophilia'' can lead to nosocomial inf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gammaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota (synonym Proteobacteria). It contains about 250 genera, which makes it the most genera-rich taxon of the Prokaryotes. Several medically, ecologically, and scientifically important groups of bacteria belong to this class. It is composed by all Gram-negative microbes and is the most phylogenetically and physiologically diverse class of Proteobacteria. These microorganisms can live in several terrestrial and marine environments, in which they play various important roles, including ''extreme environments'' such as hydrothermal vents. They generally have different shapes - rods, curved rods, cocci, spirilla, and filaments and include free living bacteria, biofilm formers, commensals and symbionts, some also have the distinctive trait of being bioluminescent. Metabolisms found in the different genera are very different; there are both aerobic and anaerobic (obligate or facultative) species, chemolithoautotrophic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red Alga
Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta also comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 currently recognized species with taxonomic revisions ongoing. The majority of species (6,793) are found in the Florideophyceae (Class (biology), class), and mostly consist of multicellular, ocean, marine algae, including many notable seaweed, seaweeds. Red algae are abundant in marine habitats but relatively rare in freshwaters. Approximately 5% of red algae species occur in freshwater environments, with greater concentrations found in warmer areas. Except for two coastal cave dwelling species in the asexual class Cyanidiophyceae, there are no terrestrial species, which may be due to an evolutionary bottleneck in which the last common ancestor lost about 25% of its core genes and much of its evolutionary plasticity. The red algae form a distinct group characterized by having eukaryotic cells without flagella and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Achromobacter
''Achromobacter'' is a genus of bacteria, included in the family Alcaligenaceae in the order Burkholderiales. The cells are Gram-negative straight rods and are motile by using one to 20 peritrichous flagella. They are strictly aerobic and are found in water (fresh and marine) and soils.Garrity, George M.; Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. (eds.) (2005). ''Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume Two: The Proteobacteria'', Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria. New York: Springer. . They have also been identified as a contaminant in laboratory cell cultures. They have been identified as opportunistic human pathogens in people with certain immunosuppressive conditions such as cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a rare genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine. Long-term issues include difficulty breathing and coughing up mucus as a result of frequent lung infections. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudomonas
''Pseudomonas'' is a genus of Gram-negative, Gammaproteobacteria, belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae and containing 191 described species. The members of the genus demonstrate a great deal of metabolic diversity and consequently are able to colonize a wide range of niches. Their ease of culture ''in vitro'' and availability of an increasing number of ''Pseudomonas'' strain genome sequences has made the genus an excellent focus for scientific research; the best studied species include ''P. aeruginosa'' in its role as an opportunistic human pathogen, the plant pathogen '' P. syringae'', the soil bacterium '' P. putida'', and the plant growth-promoting ''P. fluorescens, P. lini, P. migulae'', and ''P. graminis''. Because of their widespread occurrence in water and plant seeds such as dicots, the pseudomonads were observed early in the history of microbiology. The generic name ''Pseudomonas'' created for these organisms was defined in rather vague terms by Walter Migula i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavobacterium
''Flavobacterium'' is a genus of Gram-negative, nonmotile and motile, rod-shaped bacteria that consists of 130 recognized species. Flavobacteria are found in soil and fresh water in a variety of environments. Several species are known to cause disease in freshwater fish. '' Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' causes the bacterial cold water disease on salmonids and the rainbow trout fry disease on rainbow trout. '' F. columnare'' causes the cotton-wool disease on freshwater fishes. '' F. branchiophilum'' causes the bacterial gill disease on trout. Another member of this genus, '' F. okeanokoites'' is the original source for the type IIs restriction endonuclease ''Fok''I, used in Zinc finger nucleases and TALENs. Nylon-eating bacteria are a strain of ''Flavobacterium'' that is capable of digesting certain by-products of nylon 6 manufacture. Species who are a part of the genus ''Flavobacterium'' are most likely found scattered along in nature. These microbes are mostly found in a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromobacterium
''Chromobacterium'' is a genus of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria. Currently, eleven species within the genus are known, two of those are ''Chromobacterium violaceum ''Chromobacterium violaceum'' is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-sporing coccobacillus. It is motile with the help of a single flagellum which is located at the pole of the coccobacillus. Usually, there are one or two more lateral ...'' and ''Chromobacterium subtsugae''; the latter was discovered by scientists at the Agricultural Research Service in Beltsville, Maryland. References Neisseriales Bacteria genera {{Betaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
