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IBM 1070
IBM 1070 Process Communication System was IBM's communication system with analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion functions that was announced in 1964 for the process industries (oil refinery, iron & steel, pharmaceutical and other industries). Configuration The 1070 System could be configured from: * IBM 1026: IBM 1030/1050/1060/1070 Transmission Control Unit * IBM 1071: Terminal Control Unit * IBM 1072: Terminal Multiplexer * IBM 1073: Latching Contact Operate Model 1 * IBM 1073: Counter Terminal Model 2 * IBM 1073: Digital-Pulse Converter Model 3 * IBM 1074: Binary Display * IBM 1075: Decimal Display * IBM 1076: Manual Binary Input * IBM 1077: Manual Decimal Input * IBM 1078: Pulse Counter On the IBM System/360 or System/370 computer side, attachment was done through IBM 2701 Data Adapter Unit, 2702 Data Communications Unit, or other remote communications units. The 1070 System was announced in April 1964, at the same time as the IBM System/360 announcement, and bec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Analog-to-digital Conversion
In electronics, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A-to-D) is a system that converts an analog signal, such as a sound picked up by a microphone or light entering a digital camera, into a digital signal. An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement such as an electronic device that converts an analog input voltage or current to a digital number representing the magnitude of the voltage or current. Typically the digital output is a two's complement binary number that is proportional to the input, but there are other possibilities. There are several ADC architectures. Due to the complexity and the need for precisely matched components, all but the most specialized ADCs are implemented as integrated circuits (ICs). These typically take the form of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) mixed-signal integrated circuit chips that integrate both analog and digital circuits. A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) performs the reverse function; it converts a digital signal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digital-to-analog Conversion
In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D2A, or D-to-A) is a system that converts a digital signal into an analog signal. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse function. There are several DAC architectures; the suitability of a DAC for a particular application is determined by figures of merit including: resolution, maximum sampling frequency and others. Digital-to-analog conversion can degrade a signal, so a DAC should be specified that has insignificant errors in terms of the application. DACs are commonly used in music players to convert digital data streams into analog audio signals. They are also used in televisions and mobile phones to convert digital video data into analog video signals. These two applications use DACs at opposite ends of the frequency/resolution trade-off. The audio DAC is a low-frequency, high-resolution type while the video DAC is a high-frequency low- to medium-resolution type. Due to the complexit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IBM System/360
The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a family of mainframe computer systems that was announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, and delivered between 1965 and 1978. It was the first family of computers designed to cover both commercial and scientific applications and to cover a complete range of applications from small to large. The design distinguished between architecture and implementation, allowing IBM to release a suite of compatible designs at different prices. All but the only partially compatible Model 44 and the most expensive systems use microcode to implement the instruction set, which features 8-bit byte addressing and binary, decimal, and hexadecimal floating-point calculations. The System/360 family introduced IBM's Solid Logic Technology (SLT), which packed more transistors onto a circuit card, allowing more powerful but smaller computers to be built. The slowest System/360 model announced in 1964, the Model 30, could perform up to 34,500 instructions per second, with memo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IBM System/370
The IBM System/370 (S/370) is a model range of IBM mainframe computers announced on June 30, 1970, as the successors to the System/360 family. The series mostly maintains backward compatibility with the S/360, allowing an easy migration path for customers; this, plus improved performance, were the dominant themes of the product announcement. In September 1990, the System/370 line was replaced with the System/390. Evolution The original System/370 line was announced on June 30, 1970, with first customer shipment of the Models 155 and 165 planned for February 1971 and April 1971 respectively. The 155 first shipped in January 1971. System/370 underwent several architectural improvements during its roughly 20-year lifetime. The following features mentioned in Principles of Operation are either optional on S/360 but standard on S/370, introduced with S/370 or added to S/370 after announcement. *Branch and Save *Channel Indirect Data Addressing *Channel-Set Switching *Clear I/O *Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IBM 270x
270x is a generic name for a family of IBM non-programmable communications controllers used with System/360 and System/370 computers. The family consisted of the following devices: * IBM 2701 Data Adapter Unit * IBM 2702 Transmission Control * IBM 2703 Transmission Control The 2701 and 2702 were announced simultaneously with System/360 in 1964, the 2703 was announced a year later. The 270x series was superseded by the IBM 3704 and 3705 communications controllers in 1972. 2701 The 2701 supported up to four start-stop or synchronous communications lines. It had two multiplexor channel interfaces for connection to one or two host computers. The synchronous adapter originally supported the ''Synchronous Transmit-Receive (STR)'' protocol, and later ''Binary Synchronous Communications (BISYNC)'' when it was introduced in 1967, in half duplex mode at speeds of up to 40,800 bits per second (bit/s). The 2701 could also have "data acquisition and control adapt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Process Industry
Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical, physical, electrical or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacturing of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale. Industrial processes are the key components of heavy industry. Chemical processes by main basic material Certain chemical process yield important basic materials for society, e.g., (cement, steel, aluminum, and fertilizer). However, these chemical reactions contribute to climate change by emitting carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, through chemical reactions, as well as through the combustion of fossil fuels to generate the high temperatures needed to reach the activation energies of the chemical reactions. Cement (the paste within concrete) * Calcination – Limestone, which is largely composed of fossilized calcium carbonate (CaCO3), breaks down at high temperatures into useable calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide gas (), which gets released as a by-product. This chemical reaction, call ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
