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IAPM (mode)
Integrity-aware parallelizable mode (IAPM) is a mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers. As its name implies, it allows for a parallel mode of operation for higher throughput. Encryption and authentication At the time of its creation, IAPM was one of the first cipher modes to provide both authentication and privacy in a single pass. (In earlier authenticated encryption designs, two passes would be required to: one to encrypt, and the second to compute a MAC.) IAPM was proposed for use in IPsec. Other AEAD schemes also provide all of the single pass, privacy and authentication properties. IAPM has mostly been supplanted by Galois/counter mode. See also * OCB mode Offset codebook mode (OCB mode) is an authenticated encryption mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers. OCB mode was designed by Phillip Rogaway, who credits Mihir Bellare, John Black, and Ted Krovetz with assistance and comments on the ... References {{Cryptography navbox , block , hash ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Block Cipher Modes Of Operation
In cryptography, a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide information security such as confidentiality or authenticity. A block cipher by itself is only suitable for the secure cryptographic transformation (encryption or decryption) of one fixed-length group of bits called a block. A mode of operation describes how to repeatedly apply a cipher's single-block operation to securely transform amounts of data larger than a block. Most modes require a unique binary sequence, often called an initialization vector (IV), for each encryption operation. The IV has to be non-repeating and, for some modes, random as well. The initialization vector is used to ensure distinct ciphertexts are produced even when the same plaintext is encrypted multiple times independently with the same key. Block ciphers may be capable of operating on more than one block size, but during transformation the block size is always fixed. Block cipher modes operate on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Block Cipher
In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm operating on fixed-length groups of bits, called ''blocks''. Block ciphers are specified cryptographic primitive, elementary components in the design of many cryptographic protocols and are widely used to encryption, encrypt large amounts of data, including in data exchange protocols. A block cipher uses blocks as an unvarying transformation. Even a secure block cipher is suitable for the encryption of only a single block of data at a time, using a fixed key. A multitude of block cipher modes of operation, modes of operation have been designed to allow their repeated use in a secure way to achieve the security goals of confidentiality and authentication, authenticity. However, block ciphers may also feature as building blocks in other cryptographic protocols, such as universal hash functions and pseudorandom number generators. Definition A block cipher consists of two paired algorithms, one for encryption, , and the othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Authentication
Authentication (from ''authentikos'', "real, genuine", from αὐθέντης ''authentes'', "author") is the act of proving an assertion, such as the identity of a computer system user. In contrast with identification, the act of indicating a person or thing's identity, authentication is the process of verifying that identity. It might involve validating personal identity documents, verifying the authenticity of a website with a digital certificate, determining the age of an artifact by carbon dating, or ensuring that a product or document is not counterfeit. Methods Authentication is relevant to multiple fields. In art, antiques, and anthropology, a common problem is verifying that a given artifact was produced by a certain person or in a certain place or period of history. In computer science, verifying a user's identity is often required to allow access to confidential data or systems. Authentication can be considered to be of three types: The first type of au ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Privacy
Privacy (, ) is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively. The domain of privacy partially overlaps with security, which can include the concepts of appropriate use and protection of information. Privacy may also take the form of bodily integrity. The right not to be subjected to unsanctioned invasions of privacy by the government, corporations, or individuals is part of many countries' privacy laws, and in some cases, constitutions. The concept of universal individual privacy is a modern concept primarily associated with Western culture, particularly British and North American, and remained virtually unknown in some cultures until recent times. Now, most cultures recognize the ability of individuals to withhold certain parts of personal information from wider society. With the rise of technology, the debate regarding privacy has shifted from a bodily sense to a digital sense. As the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptology EPrint Archive
The Cryptology ePrint Archive is an electronic archive (eprint) of new results in the field of cryptography, maintained by the International Association for Cryptologic Research. It contains articles covering many of the most recent advances in cryptography, that did not necessarily undergo any refereeing process (yet). See also * arXiv * Electronic Colloquium on Computational Complexity The Electronic Colloquium on Computational Complexity (ECCC) is an electronic archive of research papers in computational complexity theory, a branch of computer science.... The intention of the ECCC is to provide a fast publication service interme ... External links ePrint Archive Cryptography journals Publications with year of establishment missing Eprint archives Open-access archives {{International Association for Cryptologic Research ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Authenticated Encryption
Authenticated Encryption (AE) and Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) are forms of encryption which simultaneously assure the confidentiality and authenticity of data. Programming interface A typical application programming interface, programming interface for an AE implementation provides the following functions: * Encryption ** Input: ''plaintext'', ''key'', and optionally a ''header'' in plaintext that will not be encrypted, but will be covered by authenticity protection. ** Output: ''ciphertext'' and ''authentication tag'' (message authentication code or MAC). * Decryption ** Input: ''ciphertext'', ''key'', ''authentication tag'', and optionally a ''header'' (if used during the encryption). ** Output: ''plaintext'', or an error if the ''authentication tag'' does not match the supplied ''ciphertext'' or ''header''. The ''header'' part is intended to provide authenticity and integrity protection for networking or storage metadata for which confidentiality is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Message Authentication Code
In cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as a ''tag'', is a short piece of information used for authenticating a message. In other words, to confirm that the message came from the stated sender (its authenticity) and has not been changed. The MAC value protects a message's data integrity, as well as its authenticity, by allowing verifiers (who also possess the secret key) to detect any changes to the message content. Terminology The term message integrity code (MIC) is frequently substituted for the term ''MAC'', especially in communications to distinguish it from the use of the latter as ''media access control address'' (''MAC address''). However, some authors use MIC to refer to a message digest, which aims only to uniquely but opaquely identify a single message. RFC 4949 recommends avoiding the term ''message integrity code'' (MIC), and instead using ''checksum'', ''error detection code'', '' hash'', ''keyed hash'', ''message authentication code'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IPsec
In computing, Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a secure network protocol suite that authenticates and encrypts packets of data to provide secure encrypted communication between two computers over an Internet Protocol network. It is used in virtual private networks (VPNs). IPsec includes protocols for establishing mutual authentication between agents at the beginning of a session and negotiation of cryptographic keys to use during the session. IPsec can protect data flows between a pair of hosts (''host-to-host''), between a pair of security gateways (''network-to-network''), or between a security gateway and a host (''network-to-host''). IPsec uses cryptographic security services to protect communications over Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It supports network-level peer authentication, data origin authentication, data integrity, data confidentiality (encryption), and replay protection (protection from replay attacks). The initial IPv4 suite was developed with few secur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galois/counter Mode
In cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers which is widely adopted for its performance. GCM throughput rates for state-of-the-art, high-speed communication channels can be achieved with inexpensive hardware resources. The operation is an authenticated encryption algorithm designed to provide both data authenticity (integrity) and confidentiality. GCM is defined for block ciphers with a block size of 128 bits. Galois Message Authentication Code (GMAC) is an authentication-only variant of the GCM which can form an incremental message authentication code. Both GCM and GMAC can accept initialization vectors of arbitrary length. Different block cipher modes of operation can have significantly different performance and efficiency characteristics, even when used with the same block cipher. GCM can take full advantage of parallel processing and implementing GCM can make efficient use of an instruction pipeline or a hard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OCB Mode
Offset codebook mode (OCB mode) is an authenticated encryption mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers. OCB mode was designed by Phillip Rogaway, who credits Mihir Bellare, John Black, and Ted Krovetz with assistance and comments on the designs. It is based on the '' integrity-aware parallelizeable mode'' (IAPM) of authenticated encryption by Charanjit S. Jutla. The ''OCB2'' version was proven insecure, while the original ''OCB1'' as well as ''OCB3'' from 2011 are still considered secure. Encryption and authentication OCB mode was designed to provide both message authentication and privacy. It is essentially a scheme for integrating a message authentication code (MAC) into the operation of a block cipher. In this way, OCB mode avoids the need to use two systems: a MAC for authentication and encryption for privacy. This results in lower computational cost compared to using separate encryption and authentication functions. There are three versions of OCB: OCB1, OCB2 a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Block Cipher Modes Of Operation
In cryptography, a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide information security such as confidentiality or authenticity. A block cipher by itself is only suitable for the secure cryptographic transformation (encryption or decryption) of one fixed-length group of bits called a block. A mode of operation describes how to repeatedly apply a cipher's single-block operation to securely transform amounts of data larger than a block. Most modes require a unique binary sequence, often called an initialization vector (IV), for each encryption operation. The IV has to be non-repeating and, for some modes, random as well. The initialization vector is used to ensure distinct ciphertexts are produced even when the same plaintext is encrypted multiple times independently with the same key. Block ciphers may be capable of operating on more than one block size, but during transformation the block size is always fixed. Block cipher modes operate on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
